Wednesday, October 30, 2019
LAW2112 European Single Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words
LAW2112 European Single Market - Essay Example However, under Regulation (EEC) No 1612/68 issued on October 15 1968 on freedom of movement, which renders inapplicable statutory, administrative and regulatory provisions that have the effect of limiting the employment of nationals of other Member States and are not applicable to its own citizens or even if applicable but has the chief aim of hindering the employment of the nationals of other Member States, linguistic requirements are held exempted. Put differently, a Member State may require workers from other Member States certain linguistic competence if the same â€Å"is required by reason of the nature of the post†(Article 3 s[1]) without violating the rule on national discrimination. If Greta is going to teach music within UK providing music lessons to students eight hours a week, she has the right to enjoy freedom of residence albeit temporarily under the Treaty on the Functioning of the EU as a person providing services of profession. Under Article 56 of the said Treaty on the right of establishment, EU citizens have the right to provide services anywhere within the EU even beyond their respective national borders. Services under the Treaty context may refer to either one of the following: activities of an industrial character; activities of a commercial character; activities of craftsmen, and; activities of the professions (Article 57, Treaty on the Functioning of the EU). Greta may come within the ambit of one giving services involving activities of the music profession. Costas cannot be rejected on the ground that being a postman is an â€Å"employment of public service†because it does not entail an exercise, directly or indirectly, of public power or the protection of the interest of the state. Under the Treaty on the Functioning of the EU, the freedom of movement of workers from one Member State to other Member States within the EU is not applicable to public service employment. Article 45, s (d) specifically states that
Monday, October 28, 2019
The War Powers Act of 1973 Essay Example for Free
The War Powers Act of 1973 Essay The fundamental conflict between Article I, Section 8 and Article II, Section 2 of the United States Constitution gave occasion to the passing of The War Powers Act of 1973 also known as The War Powers Resolution of 1973. The former constitutional provision granted the power to declare war to Congress while the latter appointed the President of the United States to be the Commander-in-Chief of the country’s armed forces. The conflict occurred because the Presidents, in sending American soldiers to war in their capacity as their Commander-in-Chief, have been ignoring the provision of the constitution which vested unto Congress the â€Å"sole power to declare war. †This practice was believed to have started when President Truman sent American soldiers to Korea without a congressional declaration of war. The truth was, the United States Congress had not officially declared any war after World War II (Lithwick). It was observed that the U. S. Presidents believed that as long as Congress did not declare any war formally, committing American soldiers to hostilities was within their constitutional power as Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces. In other words, so long as Congress could be prevented from declaring war formally, the presidents retain a virtual free hand in such cases (Centre for European Policy Studies).                  After the war in Vietnam, however, the members of Congress, in an effort to assert their authority to declare war which was granted by the constitution, passed The War Powers Act of 1973 over the veto which was exercised by then President Richard Nixon. Unfortunately, the act failed to settle with finality the conflict between the President and Congress. As a matter of fact, almost all American Presidents continued to ignore Congress, including The War Powers Act of 1973, for various reasons (Rasky).            The Act has three prominent sections. These are Sections 3 (which deals on â€Å"Consultation†); Section 4 (Reporting); and Section 5, which discusses â€Å"Congressional Action.†Section 3 specifically states that The President in every possible instance shall consult with Congress before introducing United States Armed Forces into hostilities or into situation where imminent involvement in hostilities is clearly indicated by the circumstances, and after every such introduction shall consult regularly with the Congress until United States Armed Forces are no longer engaged in hostilities or have been removed from such situations (War Powers Resolution of 1973).            This provision clearly asserts the constitutional authority of Congress in the declaration of war or the commitment of American soldiers to any war or war-like activities. In other words, Congress do not only want to be consulted before the President sends any troops to hostile situations, but it should also be appraised of the situation while the troops are still in the area. Finally, the President should consult with Congress when the troops will already be withdrawn or have already been withdrawn.            Section 4, on the other hand, states that when American forces are deployed in hostilities without a war being declared, a written report should be submitted by the President within 48 hours of such deployment to both the Speaker of the House of Representatives as well as the President pro tempore of the U.S. Senate. The report should explain the reasons for the action and the â€Å"estimated scope and duration of the hostilities or involvement.†Aside from submitting this written report at least once every six months, the President should also answer any questions posed by Congress concerning its constitutional war-making powers (War Powers Resolution of 1973).            These provisions, unfortunately, had been cited as not only burdensome and dilatory, but also unfair, particularly Section 3, when Congress is in recess. For instance, President Gerald Ford experienced some difficulties along this line when American forces were being evacuated from DaNang sometime in 1975 and again in 1976 in Lebanon. He said that â€Å"When the evacuation of DaNang was forced upon us during the Congress’s Easter recess, not one of the key bipartisan leaders of the Congress was in Washington.†He said that because of the break, some of the key leaders were in Greece. Others were in the People’s Republic of China, while there were those who spent the time in Mexico, the Middle East, and Europe. He expressed disappointment with the law, calling it unfair especially since, according to him, â€Å"military operations seldom wait for Congress to meet,†claiming further that many critical situations around the world in fact arose when it was nighttime in Washington (HOW AMERICA GOES TO WAR). In essence, President Ford was explaining that preparing for and/or actually going to war could be greatly hampered by all these consultations and reporting to Congress because any element of surprise or advantage of quick retaliation would be lost in the process.            Republican President Ronald Reagan had similarly experienced the dilatory effect of the War Powers Act in 1982. After deploying American Marines to Lebanon, President Reagan complied with the provision of the act by making a report about the deployment to Congress. In spite of the majority of the Republicans in the Senate, the deployment was vigorously opposed by the Democratic congressmen who were the majority in the House of Representatives at the time. In other words, the deployment was not granted Congressional authority for several months, only to be approved later the following year after a compromise was reached by the leaders of both houses of Congress, authorizing the U.S. Marines to stay in Lebanon for 18 months. What made matters worse was the observation of some quarters that the opposition to the deployment had been mainly due to partisan political reasons. President Reagan, for his part, was greatly disappointed with the compromise especially since it sought President Reagan’s assurances on what the Marines were not supposed to do, thereby tying down their hands and reducing their effectiveness (HOW AMERICA GOES TO WAR). According to observers, the delay in the authorization and the challenges made in the House of Representatives had the effect of weakening the negotiating position of President Reagan not only with Syria but also with the warring political groups found in Lebanon. As a result, the Department of State’s Director of the Policy Planning Staff, Peter W. Rodman, said that the presence of the Marines in Lebanon was stripped of its deterrent impact. Specifically, Rodman explained that what happened in Congress â€Å"convinced the Syrians that the United States was ‘short of breath’ †¦, thus undermining the delicate diplomatic efforts †¦that sought a negotiated solution†By March 6, 1984, Senator Howard Baker, the Majority Leader, was already questioning the appropriateness and the relevance of the War Powers Act as an interactive tool between the two branches of government. He voiced the opinion that the country’s military involvement in other countries could not always start off â€Å"with a prolonged tedious and divisive negotiation between the executive and the legislative branches of Government [because] The world and its many challenges to [American] interests simply do not allow [such] luxury† (HOW AMERICA GOES TO WAR). Records would later show that that Lebanese episode was the first and only incident where Congress was able to invoke the War Powers Act. Nevertheless, a compromise subsequently produced the required congressional authority and effectively aborted what could have been a genuine face-off between the two branches of government (Rasky).            Section 5, which provides for the necessary congressional action, is the third important section of the Act. Subsection (a) of this section provides that when Congress is not in session for at least three days when the President’s report is being transmitted to Congress, the President could be requested jointly by the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representative to convene Congress for the sole purpose of considering the report and taking any appropriate action where necessary. Obviously, this provision should be interpreted as proof of Congress’s intention of giving due priority to the problem. Subsection (b), on the other hand, requires the President to withdraw the American forces from the area of hostilities sixty days from the filing of the report to Congress unless: Congress has either officially declared war or has issued its authorization for the continued use of the American forces; has granted a statutory extension after the sixty-day period has lapsed; or fails to convene for the purpose of acting on the matter resulting from any armed attack from hostile parties. This section likewise specifies that in a case where an extension to the sixty-day period is requested by the President for any valid reason, Congress is only empowered to grant an additional 30 days to effect the safe withdrawal of the American forces. Finally, subsection (c) specifically provides that â€Å"at any time that United States Armed Forces are engaged in hostilities outside the territory of the United States, its possessions and territories without a declaration of war or specific statutory authorization, such forces shall be removed by the President if the Congress so directs by concurrent resolution†(War Powers Resolution of 1973).            According to this subsection, a concurrent resolution by the House of Representatives and the Senate could compel the President to immediately withdraw American forces from undeclared wars. This, however, has been deemed unconstitutional by some quarters, interpreting the provision as giving â€Å"the force of law to a concurrent resolution, which is passed by majorities in both chambers of Congress, but is not presented to the President for his consent or veto.†They have cited Article I, Section 7, Clause 3 of the Constitution which provides that Every Order, Resolution, or Vote to which Concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of Adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the United States; and before the Same shall take Effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds vote of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the Rules and Limitations prescribed in the case of a Bill (HOW AMERICA GOES TO WAR). Works Cited Lithwick, Dahlia. â€Å"What War Powers Does the President Have?†15 January 2008.            http://www.slate.com/id/1008290 Centre For European Policy Studies. â€Å"On a European War Powers Act.†19 February 2007.            15 January 2008. http://ceps01.link.be/Article.php?=article_id=80 â€Å"HOW AMERICA GOES TO WAR.†The Progressive Conservative. Ed. Alman Leroy Way,            Jr. 10 June – 31 December 1999. 15 January 2008.            http://www.geocities.com/way_leroy/ProConVolTwoIssueOnePage5.html Rasky, Susan F. â€Å"War Powers Act: Years of Conflict Over Constitutionality.†New York            Times online. 19 April 1988. 15 January 2008.            http://ceps01.link.be/Article.php?=article_id=80 â€Å"War Powers Resolution of 1973.†Almanac of Policy Issues. 7 November 1973. 15 January http://www.policyalmanac.org/world/archive/war_powers_resolution.shtml
Saturday, October 26, 2019
Essay --
Stem Cells The science world is growing very fast. Stem cells are unique cells in a human body, which have the ability to renew themselves and become specialized into liver cells, kidney cells or spinal cord cells from unspecialized type of cells. Stem Cells have the ability to make a huge positive impact in the medical field. It is important to know the basics of Stem Cells, the difference between the types of Stem Cells, and the possible uses of Stem Cells. Knowing the basics of stem cells is important to understanding how they might positively influence those with different types of medical conditions. Stem cells are defined as unspecialized cells capable of renewing themselves through cell division. (stemcells.nih.gov) Stem Cells develop in many different cell types during the early stages of life and development. As long as a human or animal is alive the many tissues in the body assist on any internal repairs in the tissue. Stem cells can either stay stem cells or become more in detail and become a muscle cell, a red blood cell, or a brain cell. There are millions of people who develop some sort of medical condition such as birth defects and cancers every year. These conditions are due to the fact of abnormal cell division and differentiation. Stem Cells have the capability to repair many different types of damaged tissue. The two main types of stem cells scientists use are Adult and Embryonic Stem cells. The embryonic stem cell is the first type of stem cell scientist’s deal with that are obtaining from the embryo. Most embryonic stem cell are taken from embryos that develop from eggs that have been fertilized in vitro fertilization then donated for research purposes with informed consent of the donors. (stemcell... ...scover new cell lines, but are working towards changing that. Stem cells definitely have the ability to have a large impact in the science and medical fields. Science has grown so fast into finding new ways to treat a large number of different medical conditions and it is only a matter of time till these new findings are put into effect. The stem cells among us already have the ability to restore tissue and to also transform into different types of cells to fix diseases. The adult and embryonic cells are cells that scientists will continue to use to treat the many different diseases. Therefore, it is very important to know the basics of stem cells, the difference between the types of stem cells, and the possible uses of stem cells because science is moving quickly to have a promising future for those in need of medical help. http://stemcells.nih.gov/index.asp
Thursday, October 24, 2019
Vectors And Projectiles :: Free Essays
Vectors And Projectiles After successfully completing the first two videos of the Paul Hewitt series, I have been drawn to this course. The third video of the series reviews the concepts of vectors and projectiles. In this video Paul goes over a lot of previously stated formulas. The ideas of how fast or hoe far an object travels are restated. The idea of how fast an object travels is known as its velocity. The velocity is found by finding how far an object travels over a period of time. It may be easier to multiply the pull of gravity, which in a free falling object is ten meters per second accelerating, by the seconds the object remains it the air. The product will result in how fast the object was traveling. The idea of how far an object travels is known as the distance. The distance can be found by multiplying the amount of time an object is in the air by itself and then multiplying the results by five. For example, a rock dropped off a cliff takes five seconds to strike bottom. Multiply five times itself and then by five. The rock was dropped from 125 meters high. My favorite part of this video was when Paul explained about a time he went on a church trip hang gliding. The purpose of the story was to get a point across about dropping a rock off a cliff and being able to determine the distance to the bottom. The humor in this helped me grasp the concept of time. The humor was he dropped the rock and it rolled down because there was not a straight drop. The point he was trying to get was to throw the rock. Not to throw it up or down, but to throw it straight and it would strike the bottom at the same time as it would on a free fall.
Wednesday, October 23, 2019
A brief history of cosmetics Essay
Through the ages, cosmetics have been in used to transform appearances. It started with the Ancient Egyptians, Romans and Greeks (Avoncosmeticsnug 2007). In Ancient Egypt, exterior appearance is closely attached to spirituality (Mellor 2008). Looking good is not for vanity but for the gods. During those times, Ancient Egyptians used black kohl to color their eyes. It is a concoction made up of burnt almonds, oxidized copper, a couple of different-colored copper ores, lead, ash, and ochre. Kohl is applied using a stick and Ancient Egyptians applied it in an almond shape onto their eyes (Mellor 2008). For the lips and cheeks, a blend of red clay and water were applied, while henna was used on the fingernails (Narada 2008). This tradition behind cosmetics started to fade when the Greeks arrived and used cosmetics for aesthetic purposes (Mellor 2008). The use of cosmetics was widely accepted and it was a thriving commerce around the Mediterranean at that time (Narada 2008). Later on during the time of the Romans, perfumes were widely used in baths, fountains and also weapons (Boyd 2008). Romans also apply kohl just as Egyptians did (Narada 2008). As the nineteenth century ushered in, whitening mixture was applied on the face to be able to achieve a fairer complexion. During those times, whiter skin meant a good social status since darker skin is associated with the working class (Mellor 2008). This cosmetic was composed of carbonate, hydroxide, and lead oxide. But due to lead poisoning that caused muscle paralysis or death, lead oxide was replaced by zinc oxide which is still being used until today (Boyd 2008). Eventually by the 20th century, safer cosmetics were made available as doctors started to work with cosmetics companies to avoid problems like lead poisoning (Modes in Makeup 2008). The industry got a boost when cinema became popular and the masses tried to imitate actresses on the big screen. Helena Rubinstein and Max Factor both made their mark during this time as they developed an assortment of cosmetic products like mascara, colored powder, and pancake make-up (Boyd 2008). The new century also brought in a new trend – the tan complexion. Tan was now the symbol of affluent individuals who did not need to work but instead simply went outside and engaged in recreation. The bronze look was the look to go for (Modes in Makeup 2008). The industry continued to grow during the 50’s and the 60’s. Cosmetics companies advertise a great deal in televisions where the focus was on the lips and eyes. Natural products as well have grown in popularity. These are products with botanical components. By the 70’s, the concern for the environment was widespread and harmful ingredients were then banned for manufacturing (Boyd 2008). Many players now are part of this booming business. The industry will continue to grow as cosmetics continue to be an integral part especially of women lives. 2. 3 Branding Kotler (2003) defines a brand as any mark or label that is attached to a product that means something for people or something that people can be associated with. For example, coffee is a product and Starbucks is a brand that means high quality coffee and is usually associated with yuppies. In other words, a brand produces a certain image, feeling, emotion, personality, or even a set of values in a person’s mind by just hearing or seeing the brand’s name. For example, Coca-Cola connotes enjoying the moment of having a cool drink with friends or family, FedEx implies fast and safe delivery service, Porsche is expensive but luxurious cars, New York City is the city that never sleeps, and The Body Shop promotes the beauty of each individual while protecting the planet (Kotler 2003). Kotler (2003) further explains that building a brand involves an intricate and interdependent system of devices such as advertisements, public and media networking, financial support for events or issues, and many more. But the most important device is the customer service provided by the brand’s employees. Friendly and helpful shop employees may determine whether clients will come back or not. Everything about the company, its plans, processes, services, and final merchandise must revolve around the brand it is promoting. This is how valuable a brand should be for a company. On the other hand, to be able to say that a company truly has an effective brand depends on the level of loyalty and influence the brand has on consumers in general and on its clientele in particular (Kotler 2003). Specifically, branding is a marketing strategy of a business to make its product stand out among competitors. It uses tools like distinctive product names, symbols, slogans and other images (Principles of Marketing 2008). It not only helps in distinguishing a product but also safeguards the consumer from other products that seem to be the same (Hislop 2001). An example of a product with good branding is Nike’s sports apparels and shoes. The brand is strongly associated with sports and the checkmark sign and the slogan just do it sets it apart from other sports brands. Aside from familiarity branding also invokes emotional responses – Lexus with the feeling of luxury – or cultural responses – Pepsi with the youth (Hislop 2001). It was about 15 years ago when the concept of branding entered the business world. However, until now, the word is still being confused with marketing and advertising. The process of branding should be the first step followed by advertising under the big umbrella of marketing. Research shows that companies that do not establish a brand identity first before advertising only see themselves lose money (Klein 2008). Branding is not all about raising awareness to the product. It is about getting the consumers perceive the product as the sole answer to their troubles or needs (Lake 2003). The logo or slogan is not the brand of the company instead it is the character of the company. The brand is what the company symbolizes in the customer’s mind (Klein 2008). It is a summation of all the opinions and encounters of the customer with the product or service (Lake 2003). It is imperative for a company to establish a lasting brand if it intends to survive in the very competitive world of business.
Tuesday, October 22, 2019
Patricia Hearst essays
Patricia Hearst essays Born into a wealthy and well- known family Patricia Hearst had luxuries that many kids never grow up with. She lived in a mansion and grew up in catholic schools. Her Parents Randolph and Catherine Hearst were strict with their five daughters. As Patty grew up she became more distant from her parents and decided to go to a public high school. There is where she met Steven Weed; he was a young teacher who had just graduated from Princeton University. He became her math tutor, but not long after their relationship turned intimate. Although she was only 17 and he was 23, they continued with their secret relationship. ( internet ) Their relationship continued into college where she went to Menlo College. Patty left to Europe for a summer and, shortly after her return she got engaged to Weed. Her parents did not approve of her choice but there was nothing they can do to stop her. She moved in with Weed at an apartment in Berkeley, California. On February 4, 1974, the doorbell rang at their apartment. Weed went to open the door. There he saw a nervous women who claimed to have backed her car into another car in the driveway, and needed to use their phone. He had no time to answer before two armed men pushed their way in the door. ( Alexander 5) Weed was left on the floor severely beaten. The abductors dragged Patricia out the apartment and forced her into the trunk of their car. Her screams attracted the attention of her neighbors but they were too scared to do anything. She rode in the trunk for a few minutes and then was switched to the floor of a white station wagon a few blocks away. From there she was taken to the hide out witch turned out to be her prison. Her abductors turned out to be the Symbionese Liberation Army, who was led by ex-convict Donald Defreeze, known as Cinque Mtume. This group took responsibility for the assassination of Marcus Foster, an Oakland school superintendent. Joe Ramiro and Russell L...
Monday, October 21, 2019
Role of casein hydrolysate manufacturing conditions on hydrolysate technofunctional properties Essay Example
Role of casein hydrolysate manufacturing conditions on hydrolysate technofunctional properties Essay Example Role of casein hydrolysate manufacturing conditions on hydrolysate technofunctional properties Essay Role of casein hydrolysate manufacturing conditions on hydrolysate technofunctional properties Essay Introduction 1.1 Casein Milk contains about 30-35g protein /L. Approximately 80 % of which are present in casein micelles, these are big spherical composites incorporating 92 % protein and 8 % low molecular mass constituents, chiefly inorganic salts, chiefly calcium phosphate. Caseins represent four cistron merchandises IÂ ±s1-casein, IÂ ±s2-casein, I?-casein and I?-casein. Figure 1.1.1 shows the different protein types and their concentrations in milk. ( Advanced nutrient Chemistry A ) ( Advanced Food Chemistry A ) The precise construction of the casein is micelle has been subjected to legion scientific studied. Several theoretical accounts have been proposed over the last figure of old ages in order to depict casein micelle behavior. Caseins have distinguishable countries of positively and negatively charged groups in their primary constructions ensuing in amphiphilic belongingss. The caseins are known as rheomorphic proteins as they have highly flexible molecular construction. The caseins are thought to hold IÂ ±-helical or I?- sheet constructions, once more this is merely from theoretical surveies no such constructions have been found in the caseins because they have yet to be successfully crystallised. The secondary construction is loose and lacks order due to the high figure of proline residues which cause the protein concatenation to flex in a peculiar manner. Casein micelles are really stable against heat denaturation. As there is no third there is considerable exposure of hydrophobic residues, these consequence in strong association reactions and makes them comparatively indissoluble in H2O. All the caseins are conjugated proteins, most with one or more phosphate groups which are esterified to serine residues. These phosphate groups are of import to the construction of the casein micelle as Ca binding of the caseins is relative to the phosphate content. Table 1.1.2 shows some of the physicochemical features of the casein micelles. ( University G ) Physicochemical Features of Casein Micelle Diameter 50-300nm Surface Area 8 ten 10-10 cm2 Volume 2 ten 10-15 cm3 Density 1.063 g cm-3 Molecular weight ( hydrated ) 1.3 ten 109 Da Fullness 4.4cm3 per g protein Hydration 2g H2O per g protein Water Content ( hydrated ) 63 % ( Handbook ) ( Table 1.1.2 ) 1.2 Sodium Caseinate Manufacture ( Fig 1.2.1 ) ( Handbook ) Figure 1.2.1 gives a basic representation of the fabricating procedure of Na caseinate. The procedure involves foremost the separation of milk and pick, followed by pasteurisation. The caseins are so precipitated either by the add-on of a coagulator such as rennet or by a decrease in pH to 4.6 ( its isoelectric point ) . The curdled protein is heated to organize a curd. The curd is so separated from the whey by filtration or centrifugation in combination with counter-current rinsing with H2O. The curd is so reacted with an base, eg Na hydrated oxide and so dried to organize a caseinate. ( Handbook ) 1.3 Bioactive Peptides The primary construction of proteins consists of certain aminic acid sequences that have the ability to exercise physiological benefits in human existences. The amino acid sequences remain inactive when they are present as portion of the uninterrupted primary construction of the parent protein. However, when the parent protein is acted upon by an appropriate enzyme, the peptide is released ( Dr Rotimi Aluko ) . Enzymatic hydrolysis of milk proteins has been shown to cut down antigenicity, and increase biological activity for illustration by the release of immunomodulating, opioid and antihypertensive peptides. To this terminal, turning involvement has been focused on physiologically active peptides derived from milk proteins. In add-on, the little peptides present in protein hydrolysates are absorbed more quickly from the bowel than free amino acids or integral proteins. ( Spellman et Al ) . A sum-up of bioactive peptides which are derived from milk proteins and their maps are displa yed in figure 1.3.1 ( Hannu K ) ( Fig 1.3.1 ) 1.4 Enzyme readying The enzyme readying used for casein hydrolysis in this survey was Prolyve 1000a„? a commercially available protease readying which is of bacterial beginning. This readying contains the enzyme Subtilisin Carlsberg which is from a household of serine endopeptidases isolated from Bacillus licheniformis. Endopeptidases are enzymes which cleave within the protein or polypeptide concatenation. Subtilisin Carlsberg has a wide specificity for the hydrolysis of peptide bonds, with a penchant for a big uncharged residue. It is an aromatic enzyme with a penchant for carboxyl side cleavage. Hydrolyzes peptide amides incorporating leucine and tyrosine residues. This enzyme readying has been used in the hydrolysis of whey proteins ( Spellman et Al, 200 ) nevertheless to day of the month at that place does non look to be any publications utilizing this enzyme activity in the hydrolysis of casein substrates. 1.5 Resentment The chief disadvantage of protein hydrolysis is bitterness. Integral nutrient proteins due to their molecular size are improbable to interact with the taste-bud receptors and as such would non lend significantly to season ( Enzymology ) . As hydrolysis interruptions down these proteins into much smaller peptides interaction with taste-bud receptors can happen. Besides in Intact casein micelles the most hydrophobic amino acids are oriented towards the inside of the molecule, during hydrolysis peptides incorporating hydrophobic amino acids are released. As hydrolysis continues, more hydrophobic amino acid residues become exposed for this ground hydrolysate resentment by and large increases with increasing hydrolysis ( Spellman et Al ) . The Q-rule devised by ( Ney, 1971 ) established a quantitative relationship between the amino acerb composing of a peptide and its resentment. Using the values calculated by ( Tanford,1962 ) , the Q-rule stated that peptides with an mean hydrophobicity ( Q ) value greater than 1400calmola?’1 and with molecular multitudes below 6000Da elicit a acrimonious taste. ( Lemieux,1992 ) . Figure 1.5.1 shows several protein types and their Q values, it besides shows the different casein categorizations and their single Q values. I?-casein has a Q value of greater than 1400 kcal mol-1 this may slightly predispose to bitterness if during the hydrolysis the proteins are broken down to peptides weighing less than 6000Da ( Figure 1.5.1 ) Bitter peptides typically contain 3-15 amino acids and are characterised by the presence of hydrophobic aminic acids such as leucine, isoleucine, proline, valine, phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan. ( Enzymology ) . The distinguishable acrimonious spirit of protein hydrolysates has been a major restriction in their usage in nutrient and wellness merchandises, they would necessitate to be incorporated into nutrients at really low concentrations to forestall its presence bring forthing an unacceptable spirit. 1.6 Enzymatic Hydrolysis of protein and the factors which affect it Enzymatic hydrolysis of protein is the procedure by which proteins are broken down by peptidases. Several factors affect the rate hydrolysis these include, enzyme specificity, extent of protein denaturation, enzyme: substrate ratio, entire solids concentrations, viscousness, pH, ionic strength, temperature and absence or presence of repressive substances. The specificity of an enzyme is a cardinal factor, act uponing both the figure and location of the peptide linkages that are hydrolyzed. Endopeptidases cleave the peptide linkage between two next amino acid residues in the primary sequence of a protein, giving two peptides. Proteolysis can continue either consecutive, by let go ofing one peptide at a clip, or through the formation of intermediates that are farther hydrolyzed to smaller peptides. ( Panyam et al, 1996 ) . There is really small information available about the consequence of entire solids on the rate of hydrolysis or the resulting belongingss of the hydrolysate samples. Spellman et Al, 2004 carried out a survey on whey protein hydrolysates and how entire solids affected the rate of the hydrolysis and the physiochemical belongingss of the end point hydrolysates. They concluded that the resentment of the hydrolysate samples decreased with increasing entire solids concentrations. Viscosity is the step of opposition to flux. Solvent viscousness can act upon rates of enzyme catalyzed reactions by two principle mechanisms: ( 1 ) Since molecular diffusion coefficients vary reciprocally with the viscousness of the medium, an addition in solvent viscousness will take to a lessening in the association rate of an enzyme and substrate. This will attest itself in a viscosity-dependent lessening in kc/Km for reactions in which the procedure that is governed by kc/Km is diffusion-controlled. ( 2 ) Since dissolver viscousness dampens structural fluctuations of proteins through frictional effects, additions in solvent viscousness will take to lessenings in reaction rates for catalytic procedures that are dependent on enzyme structural fluctuations Dang, 1998 this is supported by surveies from Gavish, 1979 and Ng, 1991 The consequence of temperature on the rate of enzymatic hydrolysis relates to the enzyme and the optimal conditions to ease its reaction but besides to the substrate where cautiousness must be taken in order to avoid /facilitate heat denaturation. Whichever of the conditions is preferred should be controlled. pH besides affects the rate of enzyme action and may present a menace of denaturation the enzyme. pH besides has an consequence on protein solubility. The iso-electric point is the pH at which the protein has no net charge, at this pH proteins would lose solubility and precipitate out of solution. Enzymes work better on proteins in solution. The ionic strength of the may impact the rate of hydrolysis. A solution of low ionic strength ( 0.5M 1.0M ions of impersonal salts ) may increase the solubility of the protein by salting in . Whereas concentrations above 1.0M may cut down the solubility of the protein as it causes increased competition for H2O molecules, favoring protein- protein interactions and thereby salting out . 1.7 TNBS Assay The method used to quantify the grade of hydrolysis ( DH ) of the Na caseinate hydrolysates was the trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid ( TNBS ) assay that was described by Adler-Nissen,1979 ) . Degree of hydrolysis ( DH ) is defined as the per centum of the entire figure of peptide bonds in the protein which have been cleaved by hydrolysis. The TNBS Assay was used in this undertaking as it has been proven to be a extremely accurate method for quantifying the DH of hydrolysate samples ( Spellman, 2003 ) . The one drawback of this method is that is requires long incubation and chilling stairss. This method is a spectrophotometric check of the chromophore formed by the reaction of the TNBS with primary Zanzibar copals. Figure 1.8.1 is a representation of the basic mechanism of how the TNBS check plants. Simply put the TNBS reagent binds to the NH2 group of the peptides in the sample and in making so creates a xanthous coloring material. The more hydrolyzed the sample is the more peptides there are and hence the more NH2 groups to adhere to and the more xanthous the solution will go. These solutions are so read spectrophotometrically . This check consists of several stairss foremost the protein hydrolsate is dispersed in hot 1 % Na dodecyl sulphate ( SDS ) , this serves to guarantee an accurate consequence as it prevents clip-clop of the protein and enables the TNBS reagent to split all of the NH2 groups. This reaction favours somewhat alkalic conditions ( pH 8.2 ) which is facilitated by the add-on of Na phosphate buffer. TNBS reagent reacts easy with hydroxyl ions and could do the space to give a false somewhat increased reading. This addition is stimulated by visible radiation and for this ground many of the stairss are carried out in the dark, such as the incubation for 1hour at 50Â °C and the subsequent expiration of the reaction which is achieved by take downing the pH. Termination is accomplished by the add-on of HCL, cautiousness must be taken to guarantee that the pH does non drop at a lower place 3.5 as this would causes turbidness. The samples are allowed to chill at room temperature for 30mins, chillin g below room temperature may besides do turbidness. After standing for 30mins the samples and their optical density readings are stable and more accurate. 1.8 Reverse Phase -High Performance Liquid Chromatography ( RP-HPLC ) Reverse-phase ( RP ) HPLC is an indispensable tool in the separation of proteins and peptides. RP-HPLC is widely used in protein surveies because of its versatility, sensitive sensing ( can divide proteins of about indistinguishable construction ) and its ability to work together with techniques such as mass spectroscopy. High public presentation liquid chromatography severs to heighten detectability of the analyte and can be applied to the analysis of any compound with solubility in a liquid that can be used as the nomadic stage ( Rounds, 1988 ) . The major constituents of a high public presentation liquid chromatography system include a pump, injector, column, sensor and information system. Change by reversal stage -HPLC is where the mutual oppositions of the stationary stage and the nomadic stage are reversed in comparing to the normal stage of soaking up chromatography ( Macrae, 1988 ) . The stationary stage is a solid support that is non-polar. Reversed stage media are composed of a base matrix to which organic ligands for surfacing silicon oxide such as octyl ( C8 ) or octadecyl groups ( C18 ) are attached ( Sofer, 1997 ) . The nomadic stage is a polar liquid that flows over the stationary stage. The sample is dissolved in the initial nomadic stage ( eg. Trifluoroacetic acid ) prior to being filtered and applied by injection to the column. Polar nomadic stages are normally H2O assorted with methyl alcohol, acetronitrile or trifluoroacetic acid ( Rounds, 1988 ) . The interaction of the constituents bring separated and the stationary stage rely on hydrophobic interactions and this determines the grade of migration in the column and separation of the constituents in the sample. Polar compounds are the first to be eluted as they are hydrophilic and have hebdomad interactions with the stationary stage. The pumps map is to present the nomadic stage through the system at a controlled flow rate of 1ml/min. Gradient elution system is used which involves two independent programmable pumps that are mixed at high force per unit areas ( Rounds, 1988 ) . This allows different compounds to be eluted by increasing the strength of the organic dissolver in a additive manner. The usage of a valve injector places the sample for dividing into the following nomadic stage and it is carried in this liquid for debut into the column. The sample injection is normally automated. The HPLC column is normally constructed of chromium steel steel tubing with eradicators that allow it to be connected between the injector and sensor of the system ( Rounds, 1988 ) . The packing stuff for this column is in the signifier of a chromatographic bed and acts as both a stationary stage and a support. The sensor for the HPLC is the constituent that emits a response due to the eluting sample compound/ concentration alterations in the column eluent and later signals a extremum on the chromatogram. Peptides do non absorb light above 220nm and soaking up of 214nm may be used to follow the concentration of peptides in the column wastewater ( Sofer, 1997 ) . Optical density of peptide at this wavelength is performed as peptides do non hold a 3-dimensional construction and all the amino acids are exposed and easy interact with the chromatographic media. Proteins don non hold the same interaction with the media as merely a little measure of its molecules tend to interact. Proteins usually show an optical density at 280nm due to the content of aromatic amino acid replacements ( Sofer, 1997 ) . Ultra violet sensing allows following of protein concentration of the wastewater and a chromatogram visually shows the extremums of the peptides and aromatic amino acids nowadays in sample. Column and nomadic stage temperature and pH can impact the separation of proteins and peptides by RP-HPLC. Increasing the temperature reduces the keeping of peptides. The temperature affects the comparative keeping of selectivity, which affects declaration ( David Carr ) . 1.9 Centripetal Evaluation Centripetal rating involves both rules of experimental design and statistical analysis. Centripetal rating of nutrient can utilize the human senses of gustatory sensation, touch, sight and odor to measure different facets of nutrient such as spirit, texture, visual aspect and olfactory property. For this undertaking the accent is on spirit and gustatory sensation will be the sense of pick. Flavour can be referred to as the esthesis perceived from nutrient or liquid taken in the oral cavity ( Fisher et al, 1997 ) . The four basic gustatory sensations are sweet, rancid, salty and bitter. For this undertaking a centripetal panel was selected and trained. Campaigners for the panel were selected foremost on the footing of being able to separate between Sweet, rancid, salty and bitter. Successful campaigners were so trained to observe and quantify resentment utilizing caffeine criterions. Statistical analysis of the resentment tonss was carried out utilizing the statistical programme R ver sion 2.10.1AÂ © , One-way analysis of discrepancy ( ANOVA ) and independent-samples t-tests were performed on centripetal informations. A important consequence was defined as P lt ; 0.05, a extremely important consequence was defined as P lt ; 0.001. Centripetal rating is a important facet in every undertaking whose ultimate end is to market a food/ functional nutrient merchandise. Bitterness is a major restricting factor in the production and incorporation protein hydrolysate into nutrients and centripetal rating is the most effectual method of finding the resentment degree. 1.10 Aims of this survey The aims of this survey are: O To bring forth Na caseinate hydrolysates at different protein/ entire solids concentrations. O Physicochemical word picture of the hydrolysate samples. O Selection and preparation of a centripetal panel to find the degree of resentment of the hydrolysates. O To find if the resentment of Na caseinate hydrolysates is related to protein/ entire solids concentration at which the hydrolysates were generated. Chapter 2 Materials and Methods 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Materials Sodium caseinate was obtained from Kerry Group, Ireland and its protein content was determined to be 88.01 % utilizing Kjeldhal analysis. Prolyve 1000 was obtained from Lyven Enzymes Industrielles, Caen, France Trifluoroacetic acid ( TFA ) , HPLC class acetonitrile, L-leucine, HPLC grade H2O, Citric acid, Na chloride, sucrose and caffeine were obtained from Sigma Chemical Co. ( Poole, Dorset, UK ) . PuradiscTM 25 AS disposable syringe filters ( 0.2 AÂ µm ) , Supor_ hydrophilic membrane filters ( 47 millimeter, 0.2 lumen ) and 2N NaOH ( Titripur, SWR, 1.09136,1000 ) were obtained from VWR chemicals, Ireland. 2.2 Protein finding utilizing the Kjeldahl process The Kjeldhal method for finding protein concentration is an accretion of several reactions, the first of which is digestion, where protein N is liberated to organize ammonium ions. Sulphuric acid oxides organic affair and it combines with the ammonium formed. The 2nd reaction consists of the sulfuric acid in the sample being neutralised with NaOH organizing ammonium hydroxide which is so distilled into a 4 % boracic acerb solution for the 3rd reaction. For the forth reaction a titration takes topographic point between the borate ions formed and the standardized 0.1M HCL until a pH of 4.6 is reached. Oz Moles of HCL= Moles of NH3 = Moles of N in sample. % Nitrogen x transition factor ( 6.38 ) = % protein Approximately 0.2g of Na caseinate pulverization was accurately weighed out and transferred into a Kjeldhal flask. Sucrose was used as a space. Into each flask 20mL of concentrated H2SO4 ( Low in N ) and two kjeldhal tablets. The samples were so placed in the Kjeldhal digestion unit ( Buchi, Labortechnik AO, Postfrach, Switzerland ) at 120Â °C for half an hr and temp increased to 420Â °C for 2 hours. During this clip digestion of organic affair in the sample occurs. After digestion the tubings are so cooled before being transferred to the Kjeldhal Buchi B323 Distillation unit for distillment and subsequent finding of protein content. This process was performed in triplicate. 2.3 Enzymatic hydrolysis of Na caseinate For the balance of this thesis the hydrolysate samples will be referred to in respects to protein concentration. Table 2.3.1 shows protein concentration in proportion to entire solids concentration for the Na caseinate hydrolysates generated at different protein/ entire solids concentrations. Table 2.3.1 Protein Concentration Entire Solids Concentration 5 % ( w/v ) 56.8g/L 10 % ( w/v ) 113.6g/L 15 % ( w/v ) 170.4g/L 20 % ( w/v ) 227.2g/L The enzymatic hydrolysis experiments were carried out in a 2L certain reaction vas ( ___ ) . The aqueous solutions of Na caseinate were allowed to hydrate for ~ 2hours at 50Â °C with the assistance of an overhead scaremonger. The solutions were so stored in a electric refrigerator at 4Â °C nightlong. On the twenty-four hours of the hydrolysis the solutions were equilibrated to 50Â °C and the pH was so adjusted to 7 by the add-on of 2N NaOH before the add-on of the enzyme. Prolyve 1000 was added at an enzyme: substrate ( Tocopherol: S ) ratio of 25ml enzyme readying / kilogram protein. The Tocopherol: S ratio was estimated on the footing of what has antecedently worked for whey, the standard add-on was 0.25mls of enzyme solution per 100ml to 10 % solution. The solution was assorted with an over caput scaremonger ( Heidolph Instruments, Schwabach, Germany ) and the pH was kept changeless throughout the hydrolysis utilizing a pH stat ( 718 Stat Titrino, Metrohm, Herisau, Switzerland ) . Hydrolysate samples were taken at assorted clip intervals, rapidly brought to 80Â °C utilizing a microwave and so maintained at 80Â °C for 20mins in a H2O bath to demobilize the enzyme. The samples were so stored at -20Â °C until required for analysis. 2.4 Quantification of Degree of Hydrolysis ( DH ) The TNBS reagent was made up of 0.1 % ( w/v ) TNBS in H2O. 1 % ( w/v ) SDS was used as the space and l-Leucine was used as the criterion. Samples and standard solutions were prepared in 1 % ( w/v ) SDS. The hydrolysate samples were diluted ( 1 in 51, 1 in 76, 1 in 101, 1 in 126, 1 in 151 A ; 1 in 201 in conformity with their protein concentrations ) . All samples were done in triplicate. 0.25 milliliter of the trial, integral Na caseinate ( control ) and l-Leucine criterion solutions was added to prove tubings incorporating 2.0mL of Na phosphate buffer ( 0.2125 m, pH 8.2 ) . The undermentioned stairss are light sensitive and took topographic point in the dark: 2 milliliter of TNBS reagent was so added to each tubing, followed by vortexing and incubation at 50AÂ °C for 60 min in a covered H2O bath. After incubation, the reaction was stopped by the add-on of 0.1N HCl ( 4.0 milliliter ) to each tubing. The samples were so allowed to chill in the dark at room temperature in order to st abilise the optical density readings. The optical density values were so read at 340nm utilizing a ( Carey 100 dual beam spectrophotometer ) The DH was calculated as follows: Where the N content of peptide bonds = 112.1 milligram of Nitrogen /g of protein for casein substrates. The protein concentration became marginally more dilute as NaOH was added throughout the hydrolysis reaction ; the protein concentration was calculated consequently. 2.5 RP-H.P.L.C. Reversed-phase HPLC was carried out on the Na caseinate hydrolysate samples utilizing a Waters HPLC system, consisting a Model 1525 binary pump, a Model 717 Plus autosampler and a Model 2487 double IÂ » optical density sensor interfaced with a BreezeTM data-handling bundle ( Waters, Milford, MA, USA ) . The column used was a Phenomenex Jupiter ( C18, 250r4.6 millimeter ID, 5 millimeter atom size, 300AAÂ ° pore size ) dividing column ( Phenomenex, Cheshire, UK ) with a Security GuardTM system incorporating a C18 ( ODS ) broad pore cartridge ( 4r3 millimeter ID, Phenomenex, Cheshire, UK ) . The column was equilibrated with dissolver A ( 0.1 % TFA ) at a flow rate of 1.0 ml min-1 and peptides were eluted with an increasing gradient of dissolver B ( 0. 1 % TFA, 80 % acetonitrile ) . TFA is used in HPLC as it improves symmetricalness of signals. Detector response was monitored at 214 nanometer A ; 280nm. The Na caseinate hydrolysate samples were diluted to 0.8 % ( w/v ) in 0.1 % TFA, filtered through 0.2 AÂ µm syringe filters and 20 AÂ µl was applied to the column. The undermentioned tabular arraies show the 3 different gradient profiles used in analyzing the samples. Basic contrary stage high public presentation liquid chromatography gradient profile Time Flow % A % B Curve 1 0.01 1.00 100.0 0.0 6 2 4.00 1.00 100.0 0.0 6 3 54.00 1.00 40.0 60.0 6 4 55.00 1.00 0.0 100.0 6 5 65.00 1.00 0.0 100.0 6 6 70.00 1.00 100.0 0.0 6 7 85.00 1.00 100.0 0.0 6 ( Table 2.5.1 ) Modified Profile 1 Time Flow % A % B Curve 1 0.01 1.00 100.0 0.0 6 2 4.00 1.00 100.0 0.0 6 3 84.00 1.00 40.0 60.0 6 4 85.00 1.00 0.0 100.0 6 5 95.00 1.00 0.0 100.0 6 6 100.00 1.00 100.0 0.0 6 7 115.00 1.00 100.0 0.0 6 ( Table 2.5.2 ) Modified Profile 2 Time Flow % A % B Curve 1 0.01 1.00 100.0 0.0 6 2 4.00 1.00 100.0 0.0 6 3 114.00 1.00 40.0 60.0 6 4 115.00 1.00 0.0 100.0 6 5 125.00 1.00 0.0 100.0 6 6 130.00 1.00 100.0 0.0 6 7 145.00 1.00 100.0 0.0 6 ( Table 2.5.3 ) The ultimate profile used on the samples with similar DH values but of different protein concentrations was the modified profile 2. 2.6 Centripetal In choosing campaigners for the gustatory sensation panel a acknowledgment trial for the four gustatory sensations was foremost performed. This involved doing up solutions of citric acid monohydrate ( rancid ) , sucrose ( sweet ) , caffeine ( acrimonious ) and NaCl ( salt ) all of which were made up in Ballygowan still H2O. At least two concentrations of each sample stand foring a gustatory sensation were included in the centripetal rating see table 2.6.1 Recognition Test Layout Sample Letter Concentration Chemical ( Taste ) A 0.02 % ( w/v ) Citric acid monohydrate ( Sour ) Bacillus 0.40 % ( w/v ) Sucrose ( Sweet ) C 0.03 % ( w/v ) Citric acid monohydrate ( Sour ) Calciferol 0.02 % ( w/v ) Caffeine ( Bitter ) Tocopherol 0.08 % ( w/v ) NaCl ( Salty ) F 0.60 % ( w/v ) Sucrose ( Sweet ) Gram 0.03 % ( w/v ) Caffeine ( Bitter ) Hydrogen Ballygowan still H2O Joule 0.15 % ( w/v ) NaCl ( Salty ) K 0.04 % ( w/v ) Citric acid monohydrate ( Sour ) ( Table 2.6.1 ) The campaigners were told that the samples contained natural Sweet, salty, rancid and acrimonious compounds. They were asked to savor each sample separately and bespeak whether the sample was sweet, salty, rancid or bitter in the provided infinites. If the sample tasted like H2O they were asked to tag with a nothing ( 0 ) , if they were unsure of the gustatory sensation they were asked to tag with a inquiry grade ( ? ) . When savoring the sample the campaigners were asked to twirl the solution around your oral cavity guaranting it contacts all parts of the lingua. Between samples, campaigners were asked to eat a piece of un-salted cracker and rinse their oral cavities exhaustively with still mineral H2O. A cut off point was set at 6 right replies, 1 of which must be acrimonious or 5 right replies, 2 of which must be acrimonious. Out of the 17 campaigners screened, 7 were selected for bitterness preparation. For the resentment preparation campaigners were asked to delegate bitterness tonss to unknown solutions based on a 0-100 % graduated table, where a 100 % acrimonious solution was taken to hold a resentment value equivalent to 1 g caffeine/L. Still mineral H2O was used as the 0 % bitterness criterion. All 7 displayed a strong ability to observe differen
Sunday, October 20, 2019
Business strategy mcdonald Essays
Business strategy mcdonald Essays Business strategy mcdonald Essay Business strategy mcdonald Essay If we all have different receptions of reality then the big question is; do we know real true picture of reality? Reality in accounting is something I believe is very hard for us people to determine. Firstly is that most of the measurement used in the accounting system are arbitrary. How can we know that something which is based on random choice or personal whim, rather than any reason or systems is the truth? Secondly accounting is also based on assumptions. So what is seems like that in accounting there is no such thing as reality. Obviously we couldnt know what is true if methods of accounting are based on arbitrary methods and assumptions. If this is so, then again the big question is; how can accountants communicate reality if we dont know what is reality. A. In the given question, the directors decision on deciding not to life the going concern assumption while the companys performance and position is deteriorating is totally wrong and unethical. The company knew very well that there are people out there who are going to rely on their financial decisions to make very important decisions. Not lifting the going concern assumption will make stakeholders think especially primary users that the companys financial performance and position is going well and healthy when in act its not. In this case the directors are communicating a false reality. B. Well communicating a false reality doesnt mean that also you are creating a false reality. For God. Anything can happen in the future. Revenue might increase as well as sales, profit might increase and the business might again run well. In this case the company is creating a reality. . ) Fiji Sugar Corporation. The Fiji Sugar Corporation is said to be responsible for the pollution of the Aqua River in Labs. The question to ask is whether the Fiji Sugar Corporation (FCC) is really responsible for the pollution of the Aqua River that had resulted in the killing f the marine life. Or is the waste dumped by the FCC in the Aqua River the cause of pollution. It is being evident that the waste dumped by FCC to the river is the direct c ause of the killing of the marine life in the river. ( If]times. Mom) (The Fiji Times, 24/12/08) Last year we took samples from the river and results confirmed that the chemicals were from FCC so this new testing is part of our prosecution process. Mr Kumar Tests result shows that the death of river plants and vaporizing useful gases is the result of a rise in temperature in the river that was caused by hot water being poured into the Aqua River.. All Saints Secondary School students and hundreds of residents beside the river complained of headache as a result of the pollution by FCC. ( If]times. Mom) (Fiji times, 03/09/09) With the evidence given above, can we say that the organization is responsible for the pollution of the Aqua River? Ruth D Hines said that we must not think that the fence of the organization sets the limit or the boundary of the organization. The only thing the fence does is to separate the other people from the organization or to designate it so to speak. Well in terms of pollution, I do agree that the organization is responsible for the pollution. As evident above that the waste dumped by the FCC is the direct cause of the pollution which had an adverse effect on the river, environment and the people. If it wasnt for the organization dumping rubbish into the river there wouldnt have been any pollution. Hines also said that we should account for something that we are accountable for. It would be unethical for FCC not to account for the pollution caused by them. Even though we might think that the pollution is outside of the organizations context but in reality we know that the damage to the environment is directly caused by pollution by the organization. As a conclusion we can say that pollution is very much part of the organization. As it is the direct effect and outcome of the production process of the organization. So Fiji Sugar Corporation should account for the pollution. B. ) The organization is now placing more significance on sustaining a clean environment in particular waste water release from mill operation and air pollution not only for its staff but its stakeholders too. The organization is aiming on the execution of various engineering controls. This will result in the minimization of waste to the environment and by doing this they will e adhering to the Mill Upgrade Program. All mills around the country had formed committees that will observe and address pollution. Annual report 2010). Recognizing revenue in the period or periods that the revenue-generating activities of the companies are performed is the objective of the firm. There are two conditions that needs to be satisfied before revenue can be recognized in the realization principle: 1 . The earnings process is Judged to be complete or virtually complete (the earnings process refers to the activity or activities performed by t he company to generate revenue). 2. There is reasonable certainty as to the collegiality of the asset to be received (usually) (http://connect. McGraw-hill. Mom) Businesses recognize revenues ate different point in time due to a number of reasons: Businesses are different in nature. The activities performed by the companies to generate revenue are differently judged to be complete. It because of these two catteries that revenue are differently recognized. For example revenue from selling of inventory are recognized at the date of sale often interpreted as the date of delivery. This is because at the date of delivery the earnings process is Judged to be complete. For revenue from rendering services are recognized when services are completed and billed.
Saturday, October 19, 2019
ECRM and Touch Points Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words
ECRM and Touch Points - Assignment Example The first strategy component must be operational to help in sharing of information. It implies business operations also run efficiently. Second, maintenance of long-term relationships with clients requires an analytical strategy (Kincaid, 2003). Third, entails collaborative efforts that boost communication technology in various departments especially when dealing with other business partners in inter-organizational settings. However, there are also collections methods that are integral when streamlining the business using the eCRM and touch points methodologies. The first involves observation of customer-focused culture within and without the organization. It helps in understanding their tastes and preferences (Parvatiyar & Shainesh, 2001). Second, an adoption of satisfaction benchmarks that evaluates the clients’ suggestions and complaints in terms of service offered. Another collection method encompasses putting recommendation questions that assess the aspects of buying and selling. It, therefore, is imperative to consider company needs as part of CRM systems that help in estimating the customer strategy (Sagadevan, 2003). This is because it streamlines the company budget through provision of CRM solutions that include broadening the sales to enhance flexibility. Overall, customer-centered services remain the most important part of customization and product configuration in the use of information technology
Friday, October 18, 2019
Case Analysis and Recommendation Research Paper
Case Analysis and Recommendation - Research Paper Example The issue started on 11 March 2008, when Shared refused to participate in a GSD sponsored event to attend to a family obligation. Haydar though, his direct supervisor, did not express objection of any sort but reported the matter to Sahib beyond Shared’s knowledge. For the following four weeks, Shared was denied of assignments upon Sahib’s instruction. Nevertheless, when he approached Haydar, Shared was advised not to get troubled by the setup. On 06 April 2008, Shared was summoned, without prior notice, to the office of the Employees Relations’ Head on account of the aforementioned recommendation. This was the only time Shared was informed of the presence of a disciplinary proceeding in which he is the main concern. Tasks in the Accompany Services department were assigned verbally, and partakers are chosen randomly by the division’s director. The same involve planning, arranging and executing detailed programs of visiting business delegations. The departm ent also arranges for a number of other services including security escorts, transportation, and logistics. On the date in question, Shared was not notified of his supposed participation until a few hours before the event. Shared also explained that the red marks on his attendance record were duly sanctionedâ€â€notice of late appearance and leave of absence were filed properly. Further, he suggested verifying with his colleagues that he is always within the workplace the entire shift. Shared criticized the action taken by his superiors, and pointed out that he should have received a verbal or written warning before the case is even initiated. The Discipline and Grievance committee investigating Shared’s case knows that both Haydar and Sahib can be held legally responsible for such an unethical procedure. The action taken does not comply with the rules and regulations of the GSD and the Department of Civil Services. Even so, Shared does not want to impair his relationship with his superiors as this may directly impact conditions at work. On 20 April 2008, two separate meetings with Haydar and Sahib were requested by the chairman of the committee. Sahib turned down the request on grounds that the written recommendation was not his doing, while Haydar argued that he did not know about the existing organizational policies, and proposed that the case be terminated as if nothing happened. A case where the main problem is not accurately identified will not be resolved as a whole. There are always sub problems that coexist with the main problem; and at times, without thorough analysis, these are confused with the other. In effect, the proposals intended for resolution are subsequently regarded as ineffective when in fact it is the preliminary procedure that brought about the failure. From this scenario, it can be established that Shared has nearly been a victim of unethical disciplinary practices at work. There are several aspects in the company system that prove ineffectual, thus employees have low morale and do not display confidence in the administration. The Civil Services Department asserts the existence of rules and regulat
Data Mining Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
Data Mining - Lab Report Example In addition, data on the number of science related course that a student had taken and data on years of professional experience that a student had prior to the course were missing for some of the participants. In addition, data on expected salary for first job had unrealistically low values and required cleaning. Means were used to clean data on previous number of science course and professional experience and expected salary while mode was used to clean ordinal data. A majority of the students, therefore, had undertaken about three science related courses and had about 3.65 years of professional experience in data areas. The students expected first salary of about $ 29795.78. A majority of the students (60.9 percent) were fair in data mining efficiency while only 8.7 were good. Only 21.7 percent had much confidence in becoming data analysts after graduation while 56.5 percent were not sure of their positions. Most of the students lived away from campus with 34.8 percent being within a driving distance while 52.2 percent lived far away, though within the United States. Most of the students preferred a one-by-one virtual meeting. The following histograms illustrate the distributions. Majority of the students have sufficient background knowledge in data mining, having done many related course. They however lack experience in data mining and report average efficiency. Their level of motivation into data analysis profession is low, their locations are far from the campus, and they prefer one-by-one virtual meetings. A one on one approach to learning that focuses on technology for online study is therefore
Thursday, October 17, 2019
THE LUXURY FOOD SERVICE INDUSTRY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words
THE LUXURY FOOD SERVICE INDUSTRY - Essay Example The world is also experiencing increasing urbanization as several people shift from rural places to urban centers. As people move from rural areas to urban centers, they tend to change their lifestyle trend especially their eating habits (Pride and Ferrell 26). As the number of people working in office increases, people tend to get less time to prepare foods at their homes. Such consumers under constraint of time usually opt to each outside in restaurants and cafes’. Other factors seen to have led to the high growth in food service industry include tourism. Some investors opt to put up luxurious food service industry for purposes of hosting tourists that visit the country (Great and Gavin 6). Britain is one such country that has witnessed an increase in growth of food service industry over the last decades. The high growth rate has mainly been seen in London the capital city. Among the restaurants based in London include Hakasan, Nobu and Zuma. His are food joints that have been able to build luxury element within the service industry. The question that may be asked is, ‘How have these restaurants been able to build such luxury, and what tools have the restaurants used to build the luxury element? The purpose of this paper is to examine the marketing tools that have been used by Hakasan, Nobu and Zuma to build the luxury element within the foodservice industry. This will also involve analysis of the 7Ps employed by the three restaurants. The paper will conclude by the most important elements derived from the study of luxury service industry in general particularly the food service industry. Finally, the paper will provide a recommendation regarding what has been learnt from the study. The Chartered Institute of Marketing (2) defines marketing as the management process which entails identification, anticipation and satisfaction of the
How the Law of England and Wales Is Made Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words
How the Law of England and Wales Is Made - Essay Example The paper tells that businesses in Wales and England have a different form of ownership that depends on the required level of control and the availability of funds. The variation in the form of ownership determines the rules suitable for a particular business according to the legal system of the countries. The UK parliament is responsible for the creation of laws that govern Wales and England. The parliament is made up of the House of Commons, House of Lords, and the Monarch. The processor creating laws starts with the creation of a bill that has to pass or to be approved by the parliament. Either the bills can be public (presented by government ministers) or private (presented the backbench MPs). English laws can also be created from government policies that have to go through similar approval from the legislature. The bills have to go through first and second readings in the house before being handed to the committee for further debate. From the committee stage, the bill is present ed to the house as a report before it goes through the third reading. After passing through the third readings successful bills proceed to the House of Lords for approval. Finally, the bill has to go through the Royal Assent for it to be adopted as a law. The laws made by the legislature are general laws that govern the countries, however; there are specific laws that are important to the corporate and business world and this fall into the category of business and corporate laws. Creating of business laws is a complex process that requires combined efforts from the business sector and the government’s instruction through the judicial system.
Wednesday, October 16, 2019
THE LUXURY FOOD SERVICE INDUSTRY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words
THE LUXURY FOOD SERVICE INDUSTRY - Essay Example The world is also experiencing increasing urbanization as several people shift from rural places to urban centers. As people move from rural areas to urban centers, they tend to change their lifestyle trend especially their eating habits (Pride and Ferrell 26). As the number of people working in office increases, people tend to get less time to prepare foods at their homes. Such consumers under constraint of time usually opt to each outside in restaurants and cafes’. Other factors seen to have led to the high growth in food service industry include tourism. Some investors opt to put up luxurious food service industry for purposes of hosting tourists that visit the country (Great and Gavin 6). Britain is one such country that has witnessed an increase in growth of food service industry over the last decades. The high growth rate has mainly been seen in London the capital city. Among the restaurants based in London include Hakasan, Nobu and Zuma. His are food joints that have been able to build luxury element within the service industry. The question that may be asked is, ‘How have these restaurants been able to build such luxury, and what tools have the restaurants used to build the luxury element? The purpose of this paper is to examine the marketing tools that have been used by Hakasan, Nobu and Zuma to build the luxury element within the foodservice industry. This will also involve analysis of the 7Ps employed by the three restaurants. The paper will conclude by the most important elements derived from the study of luxury service industry in general particularly the food service industry. Finally, the paper will provide a recommendation regarding what has been learnt from the study. The Chartered Institute of Marketing (2) defines marketing as the management process which entails identification, anticipation and satisfaction of the
Tuesday, October 15, 2019
Case Study (Forecasting and ERP) Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words
(Forecasting and ERP) - Case Study Example As taken from the case study, the reason of intermittent demand design is the variation in the customer demand because of the internet. Customers are well aware about the arrival in the market of new models of air-conditioners. COOL Air-Cond. is not financially strong enough to keep a stock of all latest models of the air-conditioners. For measuring the changing customer demands, the Company should approximate the customer requests by the co-efficient of variation of the demand of customers seeking new models. Customer requests for different new models of wide range air-conditioners are the root cause of erratic demand. For this, it is preferable to employ a totally time series approach, which is normally connected to a demand distribution so that stock levels could attain increased percentages of target customers. C. For approximating forecast error rates, Bill should use Croston’s method, which fulfils the intermittent demand needs. It is a relatively correct way in terms of mean square errors when the average demand interval crosses 1.25 review times. It is noticed that forecast perfection in totality is strong to the selection of break-points above 1.25 but very less to values below 1.25 (Boylan & Syntetos, 2008). D. In such a scenario when forecasts can be regularly intermittent, high or low, in the absence of any early pointer, demand distribution measure can be the most suitable alternative. It is because it can help in setting stock levels for achieving high percentages in accurate forecasting. It is done by making distributional assumptions of demand by classifying demand as ABC. For instance, A and B product types could be normally distributed as their demand is forecasted accurately but C product types could be Poisson. In actuality some product types have relatively erratic demand than Poisson, which is scattered. By using the Poisson dispersion index, which is the ratio of
Psychological Disorders Essay Example for Free
Psychological Disorders Essay This paper aims to discuss three psychological disorders along with its primary symptoms and usual signs of trouble linked with the disorders. It also intends to state why it is important to be aware of these symptoms. The first one is categorized as â€Å"mood disorders†(Types of Psychological Disorders, n. d. , n. p. ). The primary symptoms exhibited here include: strong/severe and insistent feelings (Types of Psychological Disorders, n. d. , n. p. ). Furthermore, one of its subcategories known as â€Å"Bipolar Disorder†show the following signs: 1) if an individual is in a positive mode, he or she is extremely energetic; 2) but if she or he is depressed, his or her self-esteem tends to fall so low to the point of contemplating on suicide; 3) he or she may also â€Å"become engaged in too much eating, drinking, sexual activities, etcetera†(Types of Psychological Disorders, n. d. , n. p. ). With this psychological disorder, it is important to be aware of the symptoms because there are other mood disorders which also exhibit some of the symptoms/signs linked with â€Å"Bipolar Disorder†. The second is known as â€Å"personality disorders†(Franklin, 1999, n. p. ). One of its sub-categories is named â€Å"anti-social personality disorder†wherein the primary symptom exhibited is disobeying rules (Franklin, 1999, n. p. ). The usual sign linked with this, on the other hand, is â€Å"lying†and the worse is that it is carried out just for fun (Franklin, 1999, n. p. ). Last but not least is â€Å"anxiety disorders†(Franklin, 1999, n. p. ). One of its subcategories is known as â€Å"phobia†which exhibits the following primary symptoms: â€Å"tight feelings of fear†(Types of Psychological Disorders, n. . , n. p. ). The usual sign linked with it is when a person is too scared even if his or her extreme fear is unreasonable (Ticao, 2001, p. 358). On a final note, with these psychological disorders, it is important to be aware of the symptoms because there are other mood, personality, and anxiety disorders which also exhibit some of the symptoms/signs linked with â€Å"Bipolar Disorder†, â€Å"anti-social personality disorder†, and phobia, respectively.
Monday, October 14, 2019
Biography of Friedrich Nietzsche
Biography of Friedrich Nietzsche All the Interesting People are Missing in Heaven Biography of Friedrich Nietzsche Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche born on October 15, 1844 in Rà ¶cken bei Là ¼tzen, Prussian Saxony he was a German philosopher most credited for his brash criticism about religion and the role in played in society and mortality. What makes Fredrick controversial by even today’s standards is so many people see him as a mad man while others see him as a mad genus however no matter what your option of him one thing can be said that he was a man always seeking the truth. Nietzsche grew up in the small town of Rà ¶cken, near Leipzig, in the Prussian province of Saxony. His name comes from King Frederick William IV of Prussia, who turned 49 on the day of Nietzsches birth. He had one brother Joseph who died in 1850 and one sister Elisabeth while he was never extremely close with either sibling growing up later in life he became closer with Elisabeth (Sherefkin, J). Carl Ludwig Frederick’s father was a pastor and died of a brain aliment early on in his child hood which I feel might have a lot to do with his ideas regarding religion. Shortly after the tragic death of both his brother and father the rest of the family moved to Germany to live with his grandmother. From the ages of 14 to 19, Nietzsche attended a first-rate boarding school, Schulpforta, located not far from Naumburg, where he prepared for university studies. The schools educational atmosphere was reflected in its long history as a former Cistercian monastery and its buildings include d a 12th century Romanesque chapel and a 13th century Gothic church (Nietzsche Nov 2007). While attending this religious affiliated boarding school he met some life long friends Paul Deussen and Caral Von Gersdorff both promenade members of the community. While at school as a teenager he was very interested in the arts and music I feel maybe while he didn’t really continue this passion in life it helped shape his views of that a lot of this are unique in there own right and should not be conformed for religion or society. After graduating from Schulpforta, Nietzsche entered the University of Bonn in 1864 as a theology and philology student, and his interests soon gravitated more exclusively towards philology a discipline which then centered upon the interpretation of classical and biblical texts. Inspired by Ritschl, and following him to the University of Leipzig in 1865 an institution located closer to Nietzsches hometown of Naumburg, Nietzsche rapidly established his own academic reputation through his published essays on Aristotle, Theognis and Simonides. In Leipzig, he developed a close friendship with Erwin Rohde (1845-1898), a fellow philology student and future philologist, with whom he would correspond extensively in later years (Sherefkin, J). The World as Will and Representation in 1818 by Schopenhauers who had some what of a pessimistic view of the current world and was an atheist at the time this book came out Nietzsche was twenty-one this formed many of his ideas. Then there was the book that argued that Kant;s ideas regarding the metaphysical world were wrong and then this got him interested in the after life. At twenty-three Nietzsche was required by the government to complete one year in the military however he did not last long due to an injury in his chest which put him on sick leave. Due in part to Ritschls support, Nietzsche received a generous offer to become professor of classical philology at the University of Basel before having completed his doctorate or certificate for teaching. After moving to Basel, Nietzsche renounced his Prussian citizenship: for the rest of his life he remained officially stateless. With the help of some esteemed colleagues in 1872, Nietzsche published his first book, The Birth of Tragedy out of the Spirit of Music. However, his colleagues in the field of classical philology, including Ritschl, expressed little interest for the work. Due to his failure he became isolated among many of his counter parts however this gave Fredrick time to reflect and add to his works which in this time period created four long essays. With the publication of Human, All Too H uman in 1878 on subjects ranging from metaphysics to morality and from religion to the sexes, Nietzsches removal from the philosophy of Wagner and Schopenhauer became apparent. Nietzsches friendship with Deussen and Rohde began to deteriorate as well. Becoming more of a loner he went his separate way to try to find a wife, however also at this time his heath was worsening one of which might have been his infection of syphilis which he contracted when he was in the military. He became some what of gypsy publishing Daybreak (1881), The Gay Science (1882/1887), Thus Spoke Zarathustra (1883-85), Beyond Good and Evil (1886), and On the Genealogy of Morals (1887). Nietzsches final active year, 1888, saw the completion of The Case of Wagner (May-August 1888), Twilight of the Idols (August-September 1888), The Antichrist (September 1888), Ecce Homo (October-November 1888) and Nietzsche Contra Wagner (December 1888). On the morning of January 3, 1889, while in Turin, Nietzsche experienced a mental breakdown which left him an unsound for the rest of his life. Upon witnessing a horse being whipped by a coachman at the Piazza Carlo Alberto although this episode with the horse could be anecdotal he threw his arms around the horses neck and collapsed in the plaza, never to return to full sanity. Spending a lot of his time in Germany effected some of his view points because at this time before all the wars and such Germany was one country who had little problems. His book, Twilight of the Idols talks about how Germany needs to stop consuming them selves with beer and start concentrating more on gaining knowledge and sophistication. He in part blames French and Britain culture for this because what they allowed Germany to become was a sea of nothingness. Also I feel he was able to see that because the German people were so unsophisticated it would lead to even more corruption in power for the church all the way up to the government. The best way to control people is arm them with as little information as possible so they have nothing to go buy. Nietzsche completed Human, All-Too-Human in 1878. Here, he often reflects upon cultural and psychological phenomena in reference to individuals organic and physiological constitutions. The idea of power infrequently appears as an explanatory principle, but Nietzsche tends at this time to invoke self-indulgent considerations of pleasure and pain in his explanations of cultural and psychological phenomena (Nietzsche Vogt press). This book comprises more a collection of debunking of unwarranted assumptions than an interpretation, though it offers some elements of Nietzsches thought in his arguments: he uses his perspectives and the idea of the will to power as descriptive devices, though the latter on his writing show this a lot better. In Daybreak: Reflections on Moral Prejudices Nietzsche de-emphasizes the role of pleasure-seeking as a motivator and accentuates the role of a feeling of power. His relativism, both moral and cultural, and his critique of Christianity also reach greater maturity (Nietzsche Cambridge). In Daybreak Nietzsche devoted a drawn out passage to his criticism of Christian biblical writings including its arbitrary interpretation of objects and images in the Old Testament as prefigureements of Christs crucifixion. In Beyond Good and Evil, Nietzsche identified imagination, self-assertion, danger, originality and the â€Å"creation of values†as qualities of authentic philosophers, as opposed to incidental characters who engage in dusty scholarship. Nietzsche also took aim at some of the worlds great philosophers, who grounded their outlooks wholeheartedly upon concepts such as â€Å"self-consciousness,†â€Å"free will,†and â€Å"either/or†bipolar thinking. Alternatively, Nietzsche philosophizes from the perspective of life located beyond good and evil, and challenges the entrenched moral idea that exploitation, domination, injury to the weak, destruction and appropriation are universally objectionable behaviors (Nietzsche Oxford). Above all, he believes that living things aim to discharge their strength and express their â€Å"will to power†a pouring-out of expansive energy that, quite naturally, can entail danger, pain, lies, deception and masks. As he vi ews things from the perspective of life, he further denies that there is a universal morality valid indiscriminately to all human beings, and instead assign a series of moralities in an order of rank that ascends from the plebeian to the noble’s. The word I obscures and fudges together a whole complex of commanding and obeying wills. This freedom of the will comes only from identifying this I as the source both of the commanding and the obeying (Nietzsche Jungle). The concept of free will also relies on the erroneous notions of cause and effect, which see our will as a cause. Cause and effect are a part of a larger picture of physics, according to which nature is governed by laws. Nietzsche argues that this is a democrats interpretation of nature: we could equally well see it as totally lawless, governed only by the unfettered assertion of wills. On the Genealogy of Morals first essay states within Christian morality are products of self-deception, since they were forged in the bad air of revenge, resentment, hatred, impotence, and cowardice. In this essay, as well as the next, Nietzsches controversial references to the â€Å"blond beast†in connection with master morality also appear. In the second essay, Nietzsche continues with an account of how feelings of guilt, or the â€Å"bad conscience,†arise merely as a consequence of an unhealthy Christian morality that turns an evil eye towards our natural inclinations. Nietzsche focuses upon the truth-oriented ascetic ideals that underlie and inform prevailing styles of art, religion and philosophy, and he offers a particularly sarcastic critique of the priesthood: the priests are allegedly a group of weak people who guide even weaker people as a way to experience power for themselves (Nietzsche Oxford). The third essay also contains one of Nietzsches clearest expr essions of â€Å"perspectives†the idea that there is no absolute, God watching us standpoint from which one can experiences anything that is around them. When reading his work the thing that I most found fascinating to think about was Nihilism or rather Existentialism the idea that fate is in everyone’s own hands that there is no god to control us. In The Antichrist, Curse on Christianity September 1888, Nietzsche expresses his disgust over the way noble values in Roman Society were corrupted by the rise of Christianity, and he discusses specific aspects and personages in Christian culture the Gospels, Paul, the martyrs, priests, the crusades with a view towards showing that Christianity is a religion for weak and unhealthy people, whose general historical effect has been to undermine the healthy qualities of the more noble cultures (Nietzsche Cosimo Classics ). Nietzsche has many publish and unpublished works however I feel it is the ones I have given a breife summery about are the ones that really affect social theory. While most of his critisum regarding power is towards christianity and god it is easy to take his consepts and apply them to many other aspetcts of society. For instances his idea behind that controling people by revenge and punishment is a abuse of power is much like modern American soceity and how the government is able to use there adjenda to control the media. There revenge is on thoes who are trying to counter act what there trying to make American Citzens belive such as the war on terror and then they use punishment by pupposly with holding vital information to the public, which really does affect dessitions down the line and while this might not seem like sever punishment it still is enough to keep people in line. This abuse of power is what neitzsche saw in religon the pope was able to tell the weak and the sick to b ehave a certain way not to fight the in justices there facing in their lives because all wll be fixed when they get to the kingdom of heaven. He speaks out strongly against the morality of the herd that encourages a dull mediocrity in all. He finds such a mediocrity in modern scholarship, which is overly concerned with digging up dry, dull facts. Nietzsches ideal philosopher creates meaning and values, and does not simply deal with empty facts. Nietzsche asserts that there is an order of rank according to which the spiritual strength of all people can be measured. Because of this difference between people, it would be absurd to apply one moral code to all people. This is true because you don’t see many people in todays world trying to find something new to shead light on most people only get to learn about the same dull matters everyday to keep them focused on stuff that should really no matter like fastion and movie stars. All of this mind numing stuff is almost like an alter reality that the american people galdy bye into. This then leads to scholars not aiming to high when it comes to philsophical ideas this may because they them selves have been so brain washed by he mundane life they interact with everyday or prehapps the most radical and note worthy theories are the ones being kept out of mainstream society in order to keep the â€Å"nothingness†alive. To prove that inequality and raceisum exist on every level he uses women and of course from one nationality to the next there are biased options and this is how he begins his work on anti semitisum. While his intentions may not have been ill mannered some of his consepts were taken on by Hitler along with Neitzsche idea that he was better then god could be or any human making him supior to everyone which is exactly what Hitler belived to. I think that for him to belive that the consept of god and religon had to much power doest make it any better if the power is in his hands. Through most of his life he was not one looked at has a leader or ever given the chance to have more power then he could handle therefor no one could really say what he would do with that power. However we can look through history and see what happens when one belives their suprior to people and espically specfic groups and no one better exeplafies this better then Hitler. Another critcisum I have of his work would be that while he forcuoses on courrption and power from a view point about god and christinaity I feel he doest anlyze from the prospective of soceity and the governement. As well as other religons he acts as if it is only one particular religon that is courrpt and even by todays standards this is far from true its amost like you can look at human nature and see that the powerful will always be there to control the weak by any means nessary. What distinguishes Nietzsche from other nineteenth-century critics of religion, morality and nineteenth-century life is that he does not search for a more effective moral life; he attempts to save life from morality itself. He argues that nineteenth-century culture experiences life as a form of nihilism because it has invented a series of moral concepts such as truth, selflessness and equality that have been raised above life in order to regulate and judge life. Nietzsches philosophy insists that we ask questions what does it mean to think? Or what is the value of life? It is his willingness to ask these imperative questions that have made him so controversial yet so genus. So even today in modern American culture he is consistently being debated slowly changing the view points of many all over the world. Work Cited Existential Primer: Introduction. (n.d.). Retrieved November 5, 2007, from http://www.tameri.com/csw/exist/exist.html. Flynn, T. (2006). Existentialism: A Very Short Introduction (Very Short Introductions). New York: Oxford University Press, USA. Friedrich Nietzsche. (n.d.). Retrieved November 5, 2007, from http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/nietzsch.htm. Nietzsche, F. (2003). Beyond Good and Evil (Penguin Classics). London: Penguin Classics. Nietzsche, F. (1997). Daybreak: Thoughts on the Prejudices of Morality (Cambridge Texts in the History of Philosophy). New York: Cambridge University Press. Nietzsche, F. (2007). Human All-Too-Human A Book For Free Spirits. New York : Vogt Press. Nietzsche, F. (1998). On the Genealogy of Morals: A Polemic. By way of clarification and supplement to my last book Beyond Good and Evil (Oxford Worlds Classics). New York: Oxford University Press, USA. Nietzsche, F. (2005). The Anti-Christ. knoxville: Cosimo Classics. Nietzsche, F. (1968). The Will to Power. New York: Vintage. Nietzsche, F. (2007). Thus Spake Zarathustra (A BOOK FOR ALL AND NONE). Little Books Of Wisdom: Book Jungle. Sherefkin, J. (n.d.). NYPL, Nietzsche Research Guide. Retrieved November 5, 2007, from http://nypl.org/research/chss/grd/resguides/nietzsche/.
Sunday, October 13, 2019
Abraham Lincolns Emancipation Proclamation :: American History Research Papers
Abraham Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation Until Abraham Lincoln issued the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation on 22 September 1862, the President’s enunciation of Civ il War aims centered squarely upon the restoration of the Union, and purposefuly omited the inclusion of the abolition of slavery. Dismantling the institution of slavery was not his ultimate objective, and Lincoln was forced to pursue a war strategy tha t would not push the slaveholding border -states into the open arms of the Confederacy. General John C. Fremont, however, living up to his reputation for impulsive acts and liberal interpretations of his own authority, proclaimed the freedom of any slave c onfiscated under his command in Missouri. This order ran counter to Lincoln’s war strategy and threatened to deliver Kentucky and other border - states to the Confederacy. Nevertheless, although Fr6mont’s decision was injudicious and unconstitutional accord ing to Lincoln, the conditions in Missouri, the strategic importance of hol ding that state, and the latitude given by the inistration to Fremont in his western department command, indicate that his order may have had military and political value, but th at it was il timed. As a result, Lincoln did not censure or relieve Fremont for this particular act, but congenialy asked him to amend his proclamation to avert unwanted political and military consequences. Lincoln’s belief in the utility of emancipati on as a tool to defeat the South was demonstrated a year later with the issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation. Expressions of Character â€â€Who was John C. Fremont? In the course of a lifetime, each person wil act and react in various ways when he or s he is confronted with particular circumstances and situations. While individual expressions of behavior can be misleading, paterns of behavior can reveal true character and values. Fremont is no exception. Long before he proclaimed the slaves of Missou ri’s Confederate sympathizers to be free, Fremont frequently acted and interacted in a manner that indicated an aversion to authority, an enduring pride, and an impulsive and independent nature. The strength of these characteristics wil be made clear in a discussion of his emancipation order, but first it is necessary to examine a selection of Fr6mont’s earlier experiences so that the order can be put in beter perspective. Expeditions. Fremont is best known for his role as an instrument of America n Empire as he surveyed and mapped the burgeoning American frontier.
Saturday, October 12, 2019
Pathogens :: essays research papers fc
Emerging Waterborne Pathogens In today’s food preparation world waterborne pathogens are becoming a real threat. Why? Simply because in today’s culture people are quick to blame the food industry for most cases of disintary or other ill effects caused by bacteria. In this paper several things will be discussed. To understand what I’m trying to say, you must understand a few key terms. First lets define waterborne pathogen. A waterborne pathogen is a micro-organism whose ability to cause disease has recently been identified. Now that you know what a waterborne pathogen is lets name a few. 1. Bacteria in the form of, Arcobacter Butzleri Helicobacter Pylori And E. Coli 2. Viruses Rotaviruses and Adenoviruses Type 40 and 41 3. Protozoa Acanthamoeba. Each of these possible pathogens has been identified but according to the WRc’s â€Å"Final Report to the Department of the Environment on Waterborne Pathogens,†it is still possible that several unidentifie d pathogens may be at large and dangerous. In order to understand how these pathogens work, and how to destroy them we must understand several of the parts that make them up. Some of these parts are: Morphology Biochemical Characteristics Detection Methods Cultural characteristics Health Effects Routes of Transmission Occurrence in Water Sources Sources of Exposure and Susceptibility to removal or inactivation by conventional water treatment processes. Each of these parts is used in today’s world to identify and destroy existing, and new pathogens. What happens if someone ingests a pathogen before it is identified? Well that is one reason that the Department of the Environment is so concerned. Due to current environmental status new pathogens are appearing semi-daily, and consequently overwhelming those who are working to stop them. One major example of this is Legionella. Legionella is unique in the fact that 42 strains have been identified, and yet only one is within our ab ility to control. So obviously there is a major shortage of knowledge on pathogens, and how to control them. According to the WRC’s report to the Department of the Enviroment â€Å"The threat which is posed by an organism to contaminate water supplies and cause outbreaks always exists,†and furthermore they state that â€Å"The threat which is posed by an organism, in terms of its occurrence and distribution in water sources and the ability to remove it is often poorly understood and or completely unknown.†Does this alarm anyone else? Just the thought that our government admits that there are diseases out there that we have no ability to control is alarming.
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