Astronomy and Renaissance essays

Cosmology and Renaissance papers The Renaissance was a period for change. Renaissance, French for resurrection, depicts the scholarly and financial changes that happened in Europe from the fourteenth through the sixteenth hundreds of years. During this time, Europe rose up out of the monetary decay of the Middle Ages and encountered a period of budgetary development. Above all, the Renaissance was an age in which imaginative, social, logical, and political idea altered. In the zone of crystal gazing, Renaissance researchers changed the thoughts and hypotheses that were natural in the Middle Ages. Researchers, for example, Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1543), Tycho Brahe (1546-1601), Johannes Kepler (1571-1630), and Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) made new revelations, presented new instruments, and created thoughts that modernized Renaissance convictions. During the Middle Ages and in any event, returning to early Greek and Roman culture, it was accepted that the earth was the focal point of the universe. The sun, moon, planets, and stars had two capacities: first, movement in circle around the fixed earth, and second, an interest in the day by day revolution of the heavenly circle which created our every day pattern of night and day (Cohen, 37). Prior to Galileo and Copernicus, there was the hypothesis created by a space expert named Claudius Ptolemaeus known as Ptolemy (kicked the bucket 141 or 151 AD). He composed a book, The Almagest, where he depicted and summed up the vast majority of old keeps an eye on comprehension of the universe. In detail, he depicts the appearances of the stars and planets, and attempted to clarify how the universe was developed and how it functioned (Ptolemaic System, 2). This was later known as the Ptolemaic framework. Notwithstanding, this framework guaranteed that the Earth stopped and was at the foca l point of the universe. Aristotle (384-322 BC) upheld the hypothesis of an earth focused universe with laws of material science and reasoning. Aristotle was an understudy of Plato, establishing his own school of Natural Philosoph... <!

The Urban Community and Racial Discrimination Project - 275 Words

The Urban Community and Racial Discrimination Project (Thesis Proposal Sample) Content: The Urban Community and Racial DiscriminationJennifer BryantUniversityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã†â€™Course Outline: The Urban Community and Racial DiscriminationProject DescriptionBy studying about the urban community, students can apply social sciences to their daily activities in their communities. This project will discuss and explore racial conflict, a major urban problem facing our community, and how it can be solved by utilizing the skills of the social sciences and applying them to this and other social problems.Course Topics1. An introduction to the Urban Community.Here, I will begin by talking about the course, The Urban Community. I will explain what it is about, and how it relates to the social sciences, and how we as students, are taught to examine our everyday experiences in our community and utilize these skills in the social sciences to solve our daily problems.2. Describe how Various Disciplines within the Social Sciences view and Relate to the Urban Community .I will explore on the disciplines within the Social sciences such as anthropology, economics, history, sociology, and political sciences. I will also describe how each of these social sciences view the urban community as well as explain what relevance they are to the urban community.3. Research ProblemA. Studying Racial Discrimination as a social problemAlthough racial discrimination has significantly decreased over the last few decades, it is still a major problem that faces the urban community. In this section, I will explore this issue in great detail. I will find out what is the primary cause of racial discrimination in the urban community.4. Review of Literature.A. I will conduct investigations in libraries and on the internet, and find out whether similar studies have been carried out on this topic. I will note the findings, and significant results, and whether there are any consistencies and or inconsistencies among these findings.B. I will visit various sites such as the New York Historical Society and the Weeksville in an attempt to learn more about racial discrimination and what are the main causes of racial discrimination. I will also research on ways that racial discrimination affects the society, businesses, and individuals. I will also talk to people in these places and find out whether they have any experiences with racial discrimination and how they responded or reacted in such instances. Doing this will help me know how victims of racial discrimination react in such situations4. MethodologyA. Utilizing Disciplines within the Social Sciences and applying them to the study of racial discrimination.In this sub-topic, I will utilize the skills that I have learned in the social sciences and use these skills to explore the issue of racial discrimination. I will also discover the various ways that I can apply these disciplines to this social problem and try to end it. I will also try to educate people about how to solve this issue b y applying these disciplines, and find out their views about my solutions and whether they are open to trying out these methods.B. Describe the Diversity of Human Experiences Within Communities.I will identify my research procedures in great detail and use my findings to describe how human beings experience different experiences within their respective communities and explore the several differences among these communitie...

Article Review No Deposit Bonus - 2041 Words

Article 3 – No Deposit Bonus In the world of UK based online casino gaming you should be one thing above all else, that being selfish. Now I know that sounds fairly harsh, because being selfish isn’t seen as a positive, but if you want to be successful in the world of online casino it should be considered a must. There is no looking out for your fellow player, it is a case of that you should only ever look out for number one. One area in which being selfish is absolutely crucial is when it comes to online casino bonuses, more specifically no deposit bonuses. These promotions are in place to entice you into playing at a particular online casino and are something that you should take advantage of, being as selfish as you can be in the process. The issue with online casinos bonuses, no matter whether it’s a free casino bonus, free spin bonus, mobile casino bonus, bingo bonus, no deposit casino bonus, or any other form of casino bonus, is the definition and choice at hand. Anyone who is on the look out for an online casino bonus needs to be aware of what’s available to him or her, which is why this guide is on hand. The following looks at the types of online casino bonus available and how you can get your hands on them. Once upon a time, an online casino bonus was more of a luxury than anything else. It was something that an online casino would hand out if they were feeling generous and in such instances the bonuses in question were fairly lacklustre. These days however theShow MoreRelatedKeyword : Best Bingo Sites Reviews Essay1007 Words   |  5 PagesKeyword: Best Bingo Sites Reviews Find out Best Bingo Sites Reviews Find the world’s Best Bingo Sites Reviews before to begin playing online. What are the Best Bingo Sites Reviews Online? There are millions of online bingo review sites available in the market today. Players are spoilt of getting too many choices when it comes deciding upon which games ensure maximum payout. Each country has a dedicated set of review sites, apart from this there are sites that include reviews about all the top onlineRead MoreArticle Review : Free Bet1974 Words   |  8 PagesArticle 5 – Free Bet They are the lifeblood of the online casino industry and an element that as a player you simply can’t ignore. Online casino bonuses and free bets are as common place as the casino themselves, so as a player it pays to understand what they are and where to find them. While in days gone by you may have claimed free bets blindly, it needn’t be that way anymore. This is because this guide is now on hand to guide you through the ins and outs of free bets, free spins, and free slotsRead MoreArticle 4 : Coral Casino1859 Words   |  8 PagesArticle 4 – Coral Casino Review Run by Gala Interactive and a mainstay within the Gala product family, Coral Casino is a Gibraltar licensed and regulated online casino. The aforementioned is a basic explanation of what Coral Casino is, but if you want to get a true feel for what they offer players you are going to have to dig a little deeper. Bonuses and Promotions Coral Casino understands that it is bonuses and promotions that draw players in, so in such department they certainly don’t disappointRead MoreA Look Across The Casinofloor1854 Words   |  8 PagesArticle 18 – Taking a look across the CasinoFloor It seems any and every online casino labels itself as innovative these days, which means separating the truly innovative from the marketing heavy difficult. CasinoFloor say that they â€Å"aim to become the market leader in Norway† by offering â€Å"the most popular and entertaining games both to your computer and your mobile device†. 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We’ll hire 7 waiters or waitress. 3 of them will doing daily shift, 4 of them will have the night shift, each of the waiter or waitress need to be very polite to the customer and fluent in English, bonus if speaking other language, Japanese or Chinese is preferred. Financial Plan There are no loans make in the starting of the business, all capitals had came from founders and the partner. General assumptions of Federal tax rate are around 33%, andRead MoreBanking Bonuses and the Financial Crisis2483 Words   |  10 Pages The bonus culture management incentives in banks were a key factor in the Irish and US Crisis. The system was flawed from the beginning; bankers took risks to get short term bonus, with no regard to long term consequences to the economy. Within the financial system the bonus culture is unique. The banks present a high percentage of it award based on bonus driven remuneration. For the employees of the bank it became a high percentage of their annual salary. This gave bank employees the incentiveRead More8.7.1. Employer And Employee Benefits . †¢Remuneration Package1732 Words   |  7 Pagesholidays are an entitlement. †¢ An insurance scheme will be enforced for employees on being confirmed in the position after a period of 6 months. †¢ Additional benefits will include bereavement leave, religious and floating holidays and a potential bonus structure. †¢ Termination of services can be done by either employee or employer providing one-month notice in writing. †¢ ‘‘English WalkwayJ’ will be a Limited Liability Company (LLC) and provide protection to the employer who will not be personallyRead MoreEthical Issues Within The Workplace1302 Words   |  6 Pagessituations in the work place is honest, educated, and informed employees with the proper frequent trainings. Because banks are federally regulated, they are obligated to conduct certain trainings on a regular basis. This is all part of the FDIC (Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation) (https://www.fdic.gov/regulations/laws/rules/2000-4900.html) rules and regulations In section 326.3 one of the requirements listed is â€Å"(3) Provide for initial and periodic training of officers and employees in their responsibilitiesRead MoreArticle 39 : The Gamblers Guide For Finding The Best Online Casino2011 Words   |  9 PagesArticle 39 – The gambler’s guide to finding the best online casino It is estimated that all that is required to launch an online casino is a website and  £40,000 in start-up funds. While this will be a big figure to most, from a nationally accessible company standpoint it is actually quite a poultry figure. This low-end cost goes a long way in explaining why there are over 3,000 active online casinos in operation. Gamblers these days have plenty of choice when it comes to deciding where to gamble

Gender Inequality Today s Society - 1406 Words

Gender inequality is the difference in the way someone is treated perceive depending if they are a male or female. Throughout the years, it was common to see a great inequality in the way women were treated. It is not just that males and females are biologically and anatomically different rather that society has created stereotypes as a way to assign roles for both, making a gap between them. There has been a long battle in the women’s community as a way to try to achieve equality. One of the greatest accomplishments on equality happened in 1920 with the 19th amendment. The 19th amendment is accountable of providing women with the right to vote. Even after the battles it is still common to find gender inequality in today’s society. Society has created a setting in which men uphold roles that make sure to prove their power and superiority. We can find that gender inequality still exist in settings such as families, workforce, sports or politics. First of all, the roles a family can enforce are the main prove that women still suffer from gender inequality. Men are view as â€Å"breadwinners† while women are expected to be the ones responsible of taking care of the family and the house work. Certainly, society can be blame for that belief because it has created stereotypes about the roles each family member should follow in order to be â€Å"normal†. A good example of a stereotype about women can be the community of Laredo. Laredo its mostly Latino, and in the Latino culture theyShow MoreRelatedGender Inequality : Today s Society Essay1377 Words   |  6 Pages Gender inequality has become an ongrowing issue in today’s society. This issue begun in early history and has grown over time. In early days it simply began as women not being able to vote or not being able to work. This has improved over time and now women have gained those rights, but there are still inequalities in today’s society betw een genders. When most people think of gender inequality they automatically think of women. Men have also started to become victims of gender inequality. Read MoreGender Inequality And Sexism Are Common Social Issues Within Today s Society1856 Words   |  8 Pages Gender inequality and sexism are common social issues within today’s society. I believe for a while now, men were thought of as the stronger sex, thus they were the ones who â€Å"brought home the bacon† while the women stayed at home, taking care of the children and keeping the house neat. Within the workforce as well, I believe men were always thought to be superior; they were the ones getting more frequent promotions and higher salaries, all catering to the idea of â€Å"bringing home the bacon.† InRead MoreRacial Inequality And Gender Inequality889 Words   |  4 PagesIn today s world discrimination is a racial inequality when it come to different races in the United states. Discrimination has been around for years and have created a social inequality , economic crises and have lowered individuals into a group known as the â€Å" racial minorities â€Å".Racial minorities can be classified as older people , women , immigrants and young men and women. Women from the early 1600’s to today s women have been discriminated against for years. Women have never had the sameRead MoreThe Social Inequality Of Women And Women1003 Words   |  5 PagesPower, in its relation to gender, is the main focus of the feminism. Many inequalities exist in society today between men and women at both the micro and macro level. The idea that men and women should be equal in all respects, including economically, politically, and socially equal is at the core of the feminist theory. Generally, feminism describes a society where women are treated differently from men just because they are women. This differential treatment puts women at a disadvantage where theyRead MoreGender Inequality Of The Workplace1255 Words   |  6 Pages Fact or Fiction: Gender Inequality in the Workplace Will respect resolve the gender inequality issue in the workplace? While there s always going to be a person who craves more money because greed is a major factor in why respect is in decline in the workplace. Gender inequality is prevalent in the workplace, but we can bridge the gap if more people had respect for their counterparts. Enforcing this amongst employees will cut down on discrimination lawsuit cases and these companies can growRead MoreThe Canadian Border Services Agency852 Words   |  4 PagesIn today’s society, both male and female are expected to play specific gender roles. In Canada women and men are thought of as equal, having the same rights to respect, autonomy, and independence (Bonvillain and Miller 2013: 39). The Canadian Border Services Agency ignored this right when the agency allowed religious travelers to avoid female guards. Although men and women may have different roles in their households and communities, their work and activities are equally v alued and socially rewardedRead MoreGender Roles Of Women And Men845 Words   |  4 PagesIn today’s society both male and female are expected to play specific gender roles. In Canada women and men are thought of as equal, having the same rights to respect, autonomy, and independence (Bonvillain and Miller 2013: 39). The CBSA ignored this right when the agency allowed religious travellers to avoid female guards. Although men and women may have different roles in their households and communities, their work and activities are equally valued and socially rewarded (Bonvillain and MillerRead MoreGender Inequality : What s The Right Thing?1283 Words   |  6 PagesRobyn Mendoza Ms. Bergen English 10- 2 26 April 2013 Gender Inequality Gender inequality is an on going topic in society today. Women continue to struggle in finding equality next to men. Women should have the exact same rights as men, no matter what the differences are between the two genders. In the book Justice: What s the Right Thing to Do, Aristotle’s theory of justice is â€Å"giving people what they deserve† (Sandel 9). Women should not be restricted or constrained from anything that menRead MoreGender Inequality And The Corporate World : How Do You Feel About Women Holding Higher Positions Within Corporations?1516 Words   |  7 PagesGender Inequality in the Corporate World How do you feel about women holding higher positions within corporations? In today’s society, there are several inequalities between women and men. These inequalities between women and men have been around since the beginning of time and will always be a factor. Gender inequality can be seen in many different ways across our society today. One major area that this inequality can be seen is in the workforce. There are many women who have jobs in today’sRead MoreThe Combat For Women s Rights1181 Words   |  5 Pages The Combat for Women s Rights Throughout the decades, women in the United States and all around the world have struggled to be considered equivalent to men, both at home and in the workplace. Women have struggled with voting rights, less pay, lower positions in the workplace, and responsibility of maintaining household chores. Though women have gained voting rights in the United States, women still struggle with the other gender inequalities. In today’s society, women are fighting with more diligence

Describe the Risks and Possible Consequences of Children Useing the Internet and Other Media and Tech free essay sample

Stranger Danger This has to be one of the main concerns of all parents when their child starts to use all this wondrous modern technology that we have now. Child are at risk of entering chat rooms to talk about everyday things with who they think are like minded young people but this isn’t always the case. On chat rooms you can get potential paedophiles posing as children. The consequences are that the child could be kidnapped, harmed, sexually abused or assaulted and even killed. Also for adults it can be a precarious time as with the above of adults posing as children you will always get Children trying to pose as adults. Which for the child to them is seen as a giggle or a bit of fun but it can lead to the adult being arrested and questioned about behaviour online. So not only should you be aware of whom your children are speaking to online also who they are being online as well. We will write a custom essay sample on Describe the Risks and Possible Consequences of Children Useing the Internet and Other Media and Tech or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Theft With every society there will always be crime and with more children having more and more new gadgets that are must have then the crime rate against children will go up. This can lead to children getting physically hurt and mentally hurt as well. It can also make the child want to hurt someone for the item that another child has got. You have to focus on what is an acceptable amount of tech your child takes out with them also they need to be aware of how to make themselves safe when using it in public. The child`s identity could also be stolen and their name used for more criminal activities resulting in them being arrested or having a huge credit card bill this is due to the child not knowing about sharing certain information over the internet or knowing that some apps not only look at your photos but also get your personal details. Cyber bulling/stalking The practice of cyber bullying is not limited to children and, while the behaviour is identified by the same definition when practiced by adults, the distinction in age groups sometimes refers to the abuse as cyber stalking or cyber harassment when perpetrated by adults toward adults. Common tactics used by cyber stalkers are performed in public forums, social media or online information sites and are intended to threaten a victims earnings, employment, reputation, or safety. Behaviours may include encouraging others to harass the victim and trying to affect a victims online participation. Many cyber stalkers try to damage the reputation of their victim and turn other people against them. Cyber stalking may include false accusations, monitoring, making threats, identity theft, damage to data or equipment, the solicitation of minors for sex, or gathering information in order to harass. A repeated pattern of such actions and harassment against a target by an adult constitutes cyber stalking. Cyber stalking often features linked patterns of online and offline behaviour. There are consequences of law in offline stalking and online stalking, and cyber-stalkers can be put in jail Cyber bullying is the use of the Internet and related technologies to harm other children and young people, in a deliberate, repeated, and hostile manner. As it has become more common in society, particularly among young people, legislation and awareness campaigns have arisen to combat it. But all of the above can have a detrimental effect on the child/young person receiving this treatment it can affect their mental state of mind also their health can be affected as they might get stressed and not eat or drink or look after themselves correctly due to the abuse they are getting.

Slavery Was Perhaps One Of The Most Appalling Tragedies In The History

Slavery was perhaps one of the most appalling tragedies in the history of The United States of America. To tell the people of the terrible facts, runaway slaves wrote their accounts of slavery down on paper and published it for the nation to read. Frederick Douglass and Harriet Jacobs were just two of the many slaves who did this. Each of the slaves had different experiences with slavery, but they all had one thing in common: they tell of the abominable institution of slavery and how greatly it affected their lives. When Douglass was seven years old, he was sent to a new master and mistress, Hugh and Sophia Auld. Sophia was a very kind and affectionate woman, probably one of the nicest people Douglass had encountered in his early childhood life. Here's what Douglass had to say about his new mistress: "Her face was made of heavenly smiles and her voice of tranquil music (Douglas 41)." This caused Douglass to view the whites differently than before. His previous owners were cruel and corrupt who often whipped and beat their slaves in agony. But not Mrs. Auld; Douglass was astonished at her kind heart. She treated Douglass and other black slaves like human beings. She even began to teach him how to read and write. This led Douglass to believe that his own race could be treated like humans instead of savages by the whites and that the white race could have the capabilities of acting like human beings towards the blacks (Douglass 42). But when Sophia's husband discovered about the private lessons, he ordered her to stop. He told her that teaching Douglass to read would ruin him forever as a slave. Hearing this affected Douglass' values of having an education greatly; he became determined to read at all costs. Reading became everything and was his journey to freedom. This was a very important first step because he both learned of the world around him and the world outside of slavery. It was then that he became aware of his current status: a lowly slave that was considered to be a chattel. And it was then that he wanted his freedom. Meanwhile, the venom slave owner began to poison Sophia's kind nature. Sadly, Douglass was once again a piece of meat and he no longer viewed the black race as one of the whites. Also, his views for white slave owners changed similarly; his heart was filled with abhorrence for them (Douglass 42). There were many times when Douglass thought about running away to become a free man, but there were few times when he was really determined to fulfill the risky and dangerous task. One of the few times came during the year when he worked for Edward Covey. Douglass became a field hand for the first time in his life. It was one of the few times he felt like a slave. He was not skilled in the backbreaking work required of him. Covey was a harsh and brutal slaveholder. Mr. Covey made his slaves work in all weathers. It was never too hot or too cold; it could never rain, blow, hail, or snow, too hard in the field (Douglass 66). And if it wasn't work, work, work, it was beatings, beatings, and beatings. Douglass was often whipped and battered for not working "hard enough." Under Covey, Douglass and the other slaves were treated as the lowlifes of society, as low as horses and pigs. After six months under Covey, Douglass lost interest in reading and the spirited character he once had in him extinguished. He was so sick of working for Covey and being a slave that he finally couldn't take it anymore, and wanted to be set loose from his shackles of doom (Douglass 63-72). Douglass wished he could swim so he could swim to his freedom or fly like a bird toward a new and better life. He desired for God's help and asked him to set him free (Douglass 67). Douglass was so sick of being a slave that he even preferred death over bondage (Douglass 82). Throughout Douglass' life, he encountered many different people. But one proved to be a true friend, Sandy Jenkins, a slave who was married

The Relationship Between Exchange Rates and Commodity Prices

The Relationship Between Exchange Rates and Commodity Prices Over the last several years, the value of the Canadian Dollar (CAD) has been on an upward trend, greatly appreciating relative to the American Dollar. A rise in commodity pricesInterest rate fluctuationsInternational factors and speculation Many economic analysts believe that the rise in the value of the Canadian Dollar is due to a rise in commodity prices stemming from increased American demand for commodities. Canada exports a great deal of natural resources, such as natural gas and timber to the United States. Increased demand for those goods, all else being equal, causes the price of that good to rise and the quantity consumed of that good to go up. When Canadian companies sell more goods at a higher price to Americans, the Canadian dollar to gains in value relative to the U.S. dollar, through one of two mechanisms: 1. Canadian Producers Sell to U.S. Buyers Who Pay in CAD This mechanism is quite straightforward. To make purchases in Canadian Dollars, American buyers must first sell American Dollars on the foreign exchange market in order to  buy Canadian Dollars. This action causes the number of American Dollars on the market to rise and the number of Canadian Dollars to fall. To keep the market in equilibrium, the value of the American Dollar must fall (to offset the larger quantity available) and the value of the Canadian Dollar must rise. 2. Canadian Producers Sell to U.S. Buyers Who Pay in USD This mechanism is only slightly more complicated. Canadian producers will often sell their products to Americans in exchange for American Dollars, as it is inconvenient for their customers to use foreign exchange markets. However, the Canadian producer will have to pay most of their expenses, such as employee wages, in Canadian Dollars. No problem; they sell the American Dollars they received from sales, and purchase Canadian Dollars. This then has the same effect as mechanism 1. Now that weve seen how the Canadian and American Dollars are linked to changes in commodity prices due to increased demand, next well see if the data matches the theory. How to Test the Theory One way to test our theory is to see if commodity prices and the exchange rate have been moving in tandem. If we find that they are not moving in tandem, or that they are completely unrelated, well know that changes in currency prices are not causing exchange rate fluctuations. If commodity prices and exchange rates do move together, the theory may still hold. In this  case, such correlation does not prove causation as there could be some other third factor causing exchange rates and commodity prices to move in the same direction. Though the existence of correlation between the two is the first step in uncovering evidence in support of the theory, on its own such a relationship simply does not disprove the theory. Canadas Commodity Price Index (CPI) In A Beginners Guide to Exchange Rates and the Foreign Exchange Market,  we learned that the Bank of Canada developed a Commodity Price Index (CPI), which tracks changes in the prices of commodities which Canada exports. The CPI can be broken down into three basic components, which are weighted to reflect the relative magnitude of those exports: Energy: 34.9%Food: 18.8%Industrial Materials: 46.3%(Metals 14.4%, Minerals 2.3%, Forest Products 29.6%) Lets take a look at the monthly exchange rate and Commodity Price Index data for 2002 and 2003 (24 months). The exchange rate data comes from the St. Louis Fed - FRED II and the CPI data is from The Bank of Canada. The CPI data has also been broken down into its three main components, so we can see if any one commodity group is a factor in the exchange rate fluctuations. The exchange rate and commodity price data for the 24 months can be seen at the bottom of this page. Increases in the Canadian Dollar and CPI The first thing to note is how the Canadian Dollar, the Commodity Price Index, and the 3 components of the index have all risen over the 2-year period. In percentage terms, we have the following increases: Canadian Dollar - Up 21.771%Commodity Price Index - Up 46.754%Energy - Up 100.232%Food - Up 13.682%Industrial Materials - Up 21.729% The Commodity Price Index has risen twice as fast as the Canadian Dollar. The bulk of this increase seems to be due to higher energy prices, most notably higher natural gas and crude oil prices. The price of food and industrial materials has also risen during this period, though not nearly as quickly as energy prices. Computing the Correlation Between Exchange Rates and CPI We can determine if these prices are moving together, by computing the correlation between the exchange rate and the various CPI factors. The economics glossary defines correlation in the following way: Two random variables are positively correlated if high values of one are likely to be associated with high values of the other. They are negatively correlated if high values of one are likely to be associated with low values of the other. Correlation coefficients are between -1 and 1, inclusive, by definition. They are greater than zero for positive correlation and less than zero for negative correlations. A correlation coefficient of 0.5 or 0.6 would indicate that the exchange rate and the commodity price index move in the same direction, whereas a low correlation, such as 0 or 0.1 would indicate that the two are unrelated. Keep in mind that our 24 months of data is a very limited sample, so we need to take these measures with a grain of salt. Correlation Coefficients for the 24 months of 2002-2003 Exch Rate Commodity Index .746Exch Rate Energy .193Exch Rate Food .825Exch Rate Ind Mat .883Energy Food .336Energy Ind Mat .169Food Ind Mat .600 We see that the Canadian-American exchange rate is very highly correlated with the Commodity Price Index over this period. This is strong evidence that increased commodity prices are causing a hike in the exchange rate. Interestingly enough, it appears that according to the correlation coefficients, rising energy prices have very little to do with the rise of the Canadian Dollar, but higher prices for food and industrial materials may be playing a big role. Energy prices hikes also do not correlate well with rises in food and industrial materials costs (.336 and .169 respectively), but food prices and industrial material prices do move in tandem (.600 correlation). For our theory to hold true, we need the rising prices to be caused by increased American spending on Canadian food and industrial materials. In the final section, well see if Americans are truly are buying more of these Canadian goods. Exchange Rate Data DATE 1 CDN = CPI Energy Food Ind. Mat Jan 02 0.63 89.7 82.1 92.5 94.9 Feb 02 0.63 91.7 85.3 92.6 96.7 Mar 02 0.63 99.8 103.6 91.9 100.0 Apr 02 0.63 102.3 113.8 89.4 98.1 May 02 0.65 103.3 116.6 90.8 97.5 Jun 02 0.65 100.3 109.5 90.7 96.6 Jul 02 0.65 101.0 109.7 94.3 96.7 Aug 02 0.64 101.8 114.5 96.3 93.6 Sep 02 0.63 105.1 123.2 99.8 92.1 Oct 02 0.63 107.2 129.5 99.6 91.7 Nov 02 0.64 104.2 122.4 98.9 91.2 Dec 02 0.64 111.2 140.0 97.8 92.7 Jan 03 0.65 118.0 157.0 97.0 94.2 Feb 03 0.66 133.9 194.5 98.5 98.2 Mar 03 0.68 122.7 165.0 99.5 97.2 Apr 03 0.69 115.2 143.8 99.4 98.0 May 03 0.72 119.0 151.1 102.1 99.4 Jun 03 0.74 122.9 16.9 102.6 103.0 Jul 03 0.72 118.7 146.1 101.9 103.0 Aug 03 0.72 120.6 147.2 101.8 106.2 Sep 03 0.73 118.4 135.0 102.6 111.2 Oct 03 0.76 119.6 139.9 103.7 109.5 Nov 03 0.76 121.3 139.7 107.1 111.9 Dec 03 0.76 131.6 164.3 105.1 115.5 Were Americans Buying More Canadian Commodities? Weve seen that the Canadian-American exchange rate and commodity prices, particularly the price of food and industrial materials, have moved in tandem over the last two years. If Americans are buying more Canadian food and industrial materials, then our explanation for the data makes sense. Increased American demand for these Canadian products would simultaneously cause an increase in the price of those products, and an increase in the value of the Canadian Dollar, at the expense of the American one. The Data Unfortunately, we have very limited data about the number of goods the American are importing, but what evidence we have looks promising. In The Trade Deficit and Exchange Rates, we looked at Canadian and American trade patterns. With data provided by the U.S. Census Bureau, we see that the U.S. dollar value of imports from Canada has actually went down from 2001 to 2002. In 2001, Americans imported $216 billion of Canadian goods, in 2002 that figure dropped to $209 billion. But by the first 11 months of 2003, the U.S. had already imported $206 billion in goods and services from Canada showing an increase year-over-year. What Does This Mean? One thing we have to remember, though, is that these are dollar values of imports. All this is telling us is that in terms of U.S. Dollars, Americans are spending slightly less on Canadian imports. Since both the value of the U.S. Dollar and the price of commodities has changed, we need to do some mathematics to find out if the Americans are importing more or fewer goods. For the sake of this exercise, we will assume the United States imports nothing but commodities from Canada. This assumption does not greatly affect the results, but it certainly makes the math much easier. Well consider 2 months year-over-year, October 2002 and October 2003, to show how the number of exports has increased significantly between these two years. U.S. Imports From Canada: October 2002 For the month of October 2002, the United States imported $19.0 billion of goods from Canada. The commodity price index for that month was 107.2. So if a unit of Canadian commodities cost $107.20 that month, the U.S. bought 177,238,805 units of commodities from Canada during that month. (177,238,805 $19B / $107.20) U.S. Imports From Canada: October 2003 For the month of October 2003, the United States imported $20.4 billion of goods from Canada. The commodity price index for that month was 119.6. So if a unit of Canadian commodities cost $119.60 that month, the U.S. bought 170,568,561 units of commodities from Canada during that month. (170,568,561 $20.4B / $119.60). Conclusions From this calculation, we see that the United States bought 3.7% fewer goods over this period, despite a price hike of 11.57%. From our primer on price elasticity of demand, we see that the price elasticity of demand for these goods is 0.3, meaning theyre very inelastic. From this we can conclude one of two things: The demand for these goods are not at all sensitive to price changes so American producers were willing to absorb the price hike.The demand for these goods at every price level increased (relative to former demand levels), but this effect was more than offset by the large jump in prices, so overall quantity purchased declined slightly. In my view, number 2 looks a lot more likely. During that period, the U.S. economy had been spurred by massive government deficit spending. Between the 3rd quarter of 2002 and the 3rd quarter of 2003, the U.S. Gross Domestic Product increased by 5.8%. This GDP growth indicates increased economic production, which would likely require increased use of raw materials such as timber. The evidence that increased demand for Canadian commodities has caused the rise in both commodity prices and the Canadian Dollar is strong, but not overwhelming.